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Global Warming Video # 1 - 1511 Words

Written Assignment #3: Global Warming Global Warming Video #1: In this first video of the four â€Å"Global Warming Videos,† the presenter, Dr. Richard W. Miller introduces himself, as well as the topic at hand: global warming. Starting out, Dr. Miller states that Creighton University (as of September 2nd, 2010) has signed a commitment with the American College and University Presidents’ Climate Commitment (ACUPCC) in order to try and raise awareness to students about the dangers and facts of global warming. After discussing this, Miller briefly covers his background in theology as well as states that he is not an actual climate scientist, but has taken a fondness to the issue of global warming, and researched the topic for the past three years. Moving on from this, Miller helps discuss one of the side issues that leads to confusion; medias’ portrayal of events. Because the media (â€Å"New York Times,† â€Å"Los Angeles Times,† etc.) wants to â€Å"show both sides of the story,† they allow deniers of the issues, less reputable scientists, and advocates for non-environmental friendly companies to essentially blow off the issue of global warming, and publish their opinions, when in reality, the problem is only becoming ever more present. From the increasing amount of fossil fuels burned, deforestation taking place, and emission of pollution (from electricity generated, transportation, etc.) scientists and researchers have been able to collect data of the global climate’s rise, as well asShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Global Warming1443 Words   |  6 Pagesstruggle such as the Syrian war. One reason why Syrians are engaged in a war is that they are experiencing extreme heat and drought whic h causes them to be more rebellious and aggressive. The underlying cause of these trouble can be due to global warming. Global warming occurs when carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases trap heat in Earth’s atmosphere because some of the sun’s ray cannot escape. It is a worldwide phenomenon that impacts each and every one of us because it cause irregular climate patternsRead MoreNotes On Blue Terms 1571 Words   |  7 Pagesatmosphere called? †¢ Thermosphere †¢ Mesosphere †¢ Stratosphere †¢ Troposphere What are the most abundant gasses in the Earth’s atmosphere? Nitrogen Gas- 78% Oxygen Gas- 21% Combo of gases; argon, carbon dioxide, and traces of helium, hydrogen, and ozone- 1% If Earth’s climate has always been changing, why is the change we are observing now such a concern? Earth’s climate has always been changing, though the change that is being observed now is such a concern due to certain factors. The thing that isRead MoreEssay on Inconvenient Truth602 Words   |  3 PagesAssignment 3. An Inconvenient Truth. NOTE: This assignment requires viewing a DVD - An Inconvenient Truth. You have four options. 1. Go to the CSUDH Library Instructional Media Center (LIB C121) and ask to view â€Å"An Inconvenient Truth†, which is posted on their web server. Note that the IMC is closed on weekends and certain Fridays. 2. Most public libraries will have the video for checkout. 3. You can also rent the DVD (check Wherehouse, Blockbuster, etc.). 4. Go the following website (foreign subtitlesRead MoreThe Psychological Effects Of Conspiracy Theories1166 Words   |  5 Pagesfirst group watched a video about conspiracy theories of global warming, the second group watched a video about taking action on global warming, and the third group was a control group which watched a neutral video. After the video was finished the participants were asked a series of question. Based off their answers, the first group was less likely to think that humans were the cause of global warming, the second group was liss likely to sign a petition to stop global warming, and the third groupRead MoreHow to Stop Global Warming Essay1406 Words   |  6 Pagesbillion tonnes of carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere by human activity. That is the equivalent of 110 million airplanes all being in the air at once! These disturbing numbers are the foremost cause of global warming, and have been steadily growing over the past few decades. Global warming is caused by this recent surge of greenhouse gasses which consists primarily of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide isn’t harmful to the atmosphere in the amount that is produced naturally from decaying treesRead MoreGlobal Warming: Fiction or Truth? Essay example1369 Words   |  6 PagesTrue or false; global warming is a catastrophic event that is occurring by natural and human means that is causing global temperature to rise and that can lead to many disasters? This has been an issue that hundreds and maybe thousands of scientists and citizens have debated about back and forth. The thought of global warming existing is a strong claim that many and most people have been backing up. Reliable sources have claims and evidence that is sufficient to prove global warming but other reliableRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effect On Our Lives1356 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming, countless believe it’s a myth sadly this existent event is effecting all of us, to the ocean’s coral reef being bleached to rising sea levels and the affects it has on our plants and animals and climate change. These changes and numerous more will soon affect the way our world will function, such as farming society living, climate conditions. We must take action now to help our future generations, not live through the mistakes and carelessness we have done and still do. The evidenceRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects1782 Words   |  8 PagesGlobal warming is a subject that elicits different opinions, even in the political sphere. During the 2016 presidential campaign, the Democratic candidates all declare that global warming is a national crisis and that some policies need to be implemented. On the other hand, the majority of the Republican candidates claims that global warming is all a hoax and that designing policies to combat global warming are a waste of money and energy. The different stances happening in the political sphere areRead MoreHybrid Cars1485 Words   |  6 Pagesadvantages over conventional cars. Introduction I. Here is an alarming statistic: According to the website GreenerCars.com, the United States is the world’s largest emitter of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas that causes global warming (Open with impact/Gain attention). II. By clapping your hands, how many of you are as shocked as I was to learn this information? (Poll the audience/Respond). II. There are many ways to promote a cleaner Earth. However, today I will be specificallyRead MoreEarths Climate, Look To The Ocean By Christopher Sarro807 Words   |  4 Pagessome international scientist’s measurement and analysis the ocean heat using past and present tools. Such as weather and climate data, the Global Temperature-Salinity reports, the World Ocean Database, the Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature (ERSST) dataset, and the Global Argo Data Repository of ocean temperatures. Sea surface temperatures in our Global Climate Reports. The study shows the importance of the ocean and the changes in heat distribution between the ocean basins are important

Economic Icon Chris Biehler Free Essays

Economics is the social science that deals with the allocation of scarce resources, working to obtain the greatest satisfaction from society’s unlimited wants. Many factors that deal with economics is the concepts of demand and supply. While most people may not really realize how economic takes place in their everyday life, while it is very obvious that it does. We will write a custom essay sample on Economic Icon: Chris Biehler or any similar topic only for you Order Now My job of working at a McDonald’s is very much related to what I have learns in our economic course. The law of Demand states that the quantity of demanded of a good or service is inversely related to the price of a good or service. To have a demand for something you must be willing and able to purchase the good or service at the various prices during that time period. This is related to my job in many ways. There are five factors that make up the non-price determinants of demand, Income, tastes and preference, the price of related goods, expectations and population. So with the concept of demand if a person wants McDonald’s then they must be willing and able to pay for the food and services. The first nonprice determinant being income. If a persons income changes they may not come to McDonalds as much anymore because they can now afford nicer good or services. Making a McDonald’s an inferior good. An Inferior good is when there is an inverse relationship between income and demand. Another example may be now that your income has increased people may come to McDonald’s more and buy a larger quantity of food, making it a normal good. Another determinant would be tastes and preferences, if people get in the mind set and McDonald’s may cause obesity may increase, the demand for McDonald’s may decrease while the demand for a healthier product may increase. Another example is price of related goods. The two types of related goods are substitutes and compliments. For example if price was to increase at McDonald’s then people may go to Burger King to satisfy their fast food needs. Compliments would be if the price of burgers increase then the demand for fries may decrease because everyone knows that you do not go to McDonald’s and not order french fries. Resulting in the ration customer going to buy other things. Another example is expectations, if people expect a pay bonus then, they may go out and buy things. A final determinant is population, the quantity demanded will increase if there are more people in society that are willing and able to buy McDonald’s. Not only is demand related to my life but supply is as well. Supply is the willingness and ability of producers to sell a good or service at various prices during that given time period. The law of supply is the quantity demanded of a certain good or service is positively related to its price. One determinant is relevant resources. Another determinant is a change in technology. If McDonald’s had advanced machine that would cook meat faster than food would be able to cook much fast and service would be quicker making more customers come to our store. Another example is change is the use of product. If the price of milkshakes increase, people may want to buy more ice cream resulting in our McDonald’s being able to use the mix toward sundaes and cones. Another determinant would be change in expectations. Due to the summer months coming up McDonald’s may increase or prepare to order more cases of the strawberry lemonade. A change in a number of producers is another determinant. Meaning that as supply increase or decrease their may be an increase or decrease in producers. Taxes and subsidies are more determinants alone with the weather. If the weather is poor and the McDonald’s floods the supply will decrease. Another Thing that I find to relate to my life from what I have learned in our economic class is price floor. A price floor is a minimum is the legal minimum price below which a good or service may not be sold. For example minimum wage. As the prices in our economy increase, if there wasn’t a price floor then McDonald’s may want to offer lower wages, making it harder for a person to live. During our micro economics class there have been many aspects that I can relate to my life. This class is allowing my to expand my horizons and further understand economic concepts and how they apply to my life and the people’s lives around me. How to cite Economic Icon: Chris Biehler, Papers

Occupation Health and Safety

Question: Discuss about theOccupation Health and Safety. Answer: Overview of Toxicity of Silver (Ag) Silver is one of the rare metals found in earth. It is found in the form of soft silver naturally. Silver and silver compounds are found at various working sites present in the soil, air or water that are hazardous to human health. Silver dust particles and soluble compounds of silver lead to a condition called Argyria. It is caused by exposure to silver and silver containing materials. It results in staining of the skin and mucosal membrane. It occurs due to deposition of silver on the dermal layer as a result of exposure to industrial chemicals or medicines containing salts of silver and other silver compounds. The workers who are vulnerable to the hazardous substance are involved in various industrial activities like mining and refining of silver, manufacturing of silver utensils, metal alloy, phorographic processings and so on. The exposure to silver affect the respiratory tract and cause serious ailments like mild or chronic bronchitis in workers exposed to manifacturing of silver nitrate (1). The toxicity profile of silver includes genotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, developmental toxicity, immunotoxicity and neurotoxicity. The various sources of exposure, especially exposure to silver in occupational spaces, occupational exposure limits that are applicable as per the Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA), regulations, monitoring strategies, sample analysis and toxicolological profile of silver, its biotransformation, absorption, distribution, metabolism, storage and trarget sites are outlined. Sources of Exposure Sources of silver exposure includes inhalation of silver containing substances at workplace, silver compounds present in sources of water for drinking purpose, handling silver materials at workplace and silver dust particles that can cause eye irritation in workers (2). Other sources are using silver in medications; activities that involve silver exposure are jewelry making and soldering. The occupational sources of silver exposure consist of mining and ore purification activities involving liberation of silver particles, manufacturing of silver nitrate used in photography, plating, mirrors, inks, and dyes, germicides, antiseptics, reagents of analytical standards, glass manufacturing, silver plating and laboratory reagents (3). Sources also include liberation of the materials containing silver while manufacturing and casting alloys, silver metal fabrication. During the photo chemicals, paints, pigments and silver powder manufacturing, some silver particles liberating from the site are also regarded as the sources of silver exposure. The occupational sources of silver exposure also include elemental silver exposure, exposure to silver nitrate and silver oxides. The radiographic materials and photographic articles involve certain solution in their processing that contains silver. The dental amalgams, creams like Sulfadiazine cream and solutions for relieving burns also contain silver compounds. Applicable Occupational Exposure Limits (OELS/PEL) Occupational Exposure Limits (OELS) are referred as limitation values required for prevention of the occupational health hazards or other factors related to the workplace risk that affect adversely the health of the workers involved in chemicals related works and have high level of exposure to them (4). The short-term exposure limits are generally set for 15 minutes. They are set for short duration of exposure to harmful chemicals and fumes. According to Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA), the silver and silver containing compounds have regulatory limit of 0.01mg/m3 and 0.01 ppm (5). The recommended limit of silver and silver containing substances is prescribed according to NIOSH REL (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommended exposure limit). Metals, dusts and fumes have a recommended limit of 0.1mg/m3. The recommendation for the exposure limit in case of soluble silver compounds is 0.01mg/m3. According to CAL/OSHA PEL, the permissible exposure limit is 0.01 mg/m3 for potential occupational carcinogens (6). Applicable Legislation, Monitoring Strategy and Sample Analysis Legislation: According to Emergency and Community Right-to-know Act, section 313, silver is considered and enlisted as a toxic chemical. Regulations for air: According to OSHA CFR 1910. 1000, it is stated that the maximum limit of silver is 0.01mg/m3. Regulations for water: Drinking water: EPA 40 CFR 141 states the maximum limit is 0.05 mg/L (7). As per Australia PEL, CAS No. 7440-22-4, Silver and soluble silver compounds have Time Weighted Average (TWA) of 0.01 mg/m3 for 8 hours (8). Singapore PEL, Work Safety and Health Act, section 65 states that there must be a medical practitioner designated for the workplace, personnel must be fit for the work and proper training must be provided to them. Medical examination of the workers is a must as stated by regulation 4 and 5 (9). Monitoring strategies: The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) provide a basic guidance towards monitoring strategies of harmful toxics. The monitoring strategies are required for assessment of the risk to ensure that they comply with the workplace exposure limits (WEL). It is also involves health monitoring and setting up of workplace standards (10). The monitoring strategy involves: Personal monitoring: It consists of measurement of exposure levels of the personnel and workers involved in the hazardous activity, detection and monitoring of the emission source source, determination of the concentration levels of the toxics present in air of the breathing area. Fixed place monitoring: The sources at fixed places can also be monitored for silver or such chemical presence. Though fixed place sampling cannot help in determining risk in the entire workspace, but it can be helpful for assessing risk in individuals health (11). Moreover, a scheme on protection of personal health can be organized for regular monitoring, assessment, training of workers and evaluation. Monitoring of personal protective equipment, its functionality, hygiene and maintenance must be conducted. Monitoring for contamination of personnel clothing, storage and cleaning techniques should also be made. Monitoring is done for ensuring that sanitation is maintained well within the workplace. Activities like smoking and eating in the working space also need to be controlled. Figure 1-Schematic approach towards strategic monitoring of hazardous substances (Source: www.hse.gov.uk) Sample analysis: The sample analysis for silver is done by the analytical method using biological and environmental samples. The samples with silver materials present in traces (approximately about 10-6 to 10-9) can be detected by various analytical methods. The methods include atomic emission spectroscopy with high frequency torch, neutron activation analytical technique, flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy, flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and micro-cup atomic absorption spectroscopy. Among all other methods, the most commonly used method for detection of trace amount of silver in biological samples is atomic absorption spectroscopy. Flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy is also used as it has high detection ability of samples containing silver in gram or microgram. The analytical methods like atomic absorption spectroscopy and plasma emission spectroscopy are extensively being used for detecting silver materials in environmental samples like air, water and soil. Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy is used for identification of silver substance in waste materials. Flameless atomic spectroscopy technique is used for detection of the silver containing substances in water samples. This is an extremely sensitive analytical method for analysis of environmental samples. Paper chromatography and thin layer chromatography are also used for determination of the traces of silver nitrate in surface and fresh water. Atomic absorption spectroscopy is also used for analysis of contaminants present in soil samples (12). Toxicology associated with the Contaminant, Biotransformation, Mechanism of Harm, Absorption, Distribution, Accumulation, Storage and Target Organs of the Contaminant Toxicology associated with silver are: Gentotoxicity: Though silver does not undergo mutation, however, it can result in breakdown of DNA strands that has an impact on constancy of the replication procedure of the genetic material. Reproductive toxicity: Silver deposition does not affect the reproductive system in either of the sexes, but injection through subcutaneous route of administration may result in deterioration of the tissues and morphology of the testicles. Developmental toxicity: The increased levels of silver materials in fetal tissues may result in malformation and abnormalities in the fetus. Immunotoxicity: Exposure to silver materials to the dermal surface may cause some reaction and hypersensitivity in individuals. Neurotoxicity: The exposure to silver orally can cause changes in neuroanatomical profile resulting in deterioration of health (13) Biotransformation and Mechanism of Action (harm): Biotransformation refers to any modification or alteration made chemically by some organisms on a chemical substance. Biotransformation consists of two phases of reactions. Phase I- It involves oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis (14). Phase II- It involves conjugation reactions The condition, Argyria is a rare dermal disease mainly caused by exposure to silver and silver containing compounds. It is considered a consequence of a complex biotransformation mechanism. It is mainly caused by oral ingestion of silver substances. The mechanism in which the biotransformation takes place is a complex process. The silver ingested through oral route undergoes oxidation to form salt as the resultant. This resultant salt form undergoes absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and is distributed through systemic circulation into the dermal membrane. The dermal layer is composed of cells and in these cells it may undergo further biotransformation reactions. These reactions may also involve photo reduction of the silver complex forms. The complex forms if undergoes further complexation reactions with metals like Selenium, may result in permanent accumulation of silver in the tissues involved in it and hence the silver gets deposited on the skin (15). Absorption: The absorption of silver and silver containing substances occurs through inhalation, oral as well as dermal route. The inhalation and dermal route are the two main routes through which the exposure of the contaminants takes place. In case of long-term exposure to the silver substances, the route through which exposure occurs is the dermal route. Exposure to silver occurs through ingestion of the substance which results in its absorption. The rate and extent to which the absorption of the contaminant takes place depends on the transit time which is the time taken by the substance to travel along the gastrointestinal tract. The absorption can also occur through the skin. The exposure to complexes of silver may lead to Argyria. The absorption also takes place through damaged and burnt skin. The medicines containing 0.5% silver nitrate may also serve as a source of absorption of silver on the dermis (16). Distribution: The silver compounds ingested through oral route or inhaled undergo distribution. The elemental silver also gets distributed that are inhaled or ingested orally. The extent of distribution in the organs varies. The extent to which the metallic silver is distributed in bladder and bile is around 0.03%, its 0.028% in the intestinal region, 0.09% in heart, stomach 0.12% and muscle 0.007% (17). The distribution of silver takes place following the dermal route. The silver exposure through topical application of medications like burn creams may result in distribution of the silver substance into spleen, heart, kidney and bones. Accumulation/ Metabolism: Precipitation of silver salts like silver chloride, silver phosphate may result in silver deposition into the tissues. These salt forms are transformed into soluble silver as the resulting substance. The soluble forms include sulfides and aluminates. They form complexes by binding with amino acids, carboxylic groups found in genetic materials (RNA and DNA) and proteins. In addition to it they also may undergo reduction by reacting with ascorbic acids and catecholamine to form metallic silver. The resultant silver metal undergoes oxidation. The tissues carry it out. They are accumulated as silver sulfide, which is a black colored product. The formation of this resulting substance imparts black coloration to the skin and the individuals are detected with Argyria (18). Excretion: The radioactive silver substance undergoes rapid clearance from the lungs preliminarily by ciliary actions resulting in removal in the form of feces. The removal of silver from liver occurs by billiary excretion. Storage and target organs: The primary storage and target organ is skin. Primarily the silver exposure at occupational site mainly affects the skin. It also gets into the body by inhalation and ingestion. The exposure to a photochemical material site or under such influences result in silver deposition in the dermis. This results in blue-black coloration of the skin. The silver exposure through inhalation results in accumulation of the substance in lungs. They also get accumulated in the liver, spleen, heart, intestine through various routes of exposure of the contaminant substance (17). Conclusion Silver is metal rarely found on earth. It is used for making silver ornaments, photographic plates, as medicines and such other purposes. These activities are related to various hazards to the workers involved in handling of silver materials. Silver deposition in the skin leads to a rare condition called Argyria characterized by discoloration of the dermis. There are various sources of silver exposure at workplace. Occupational sources of silver also include silver plating, dyes, ink, pigments, mining, refining and other activities. Occupational Safety and Health Administration set the occupational and prescribed exposure limit. This also serves as regulatory guideline. The monitoring approaches to toxic chemicals involve assessment of the toxic substance at the workers breathing zone as well as the source area of the contaminant. Environmental and biological samples are analyzed by a series of analytical technique involving various spectroscopy and chromatographic principles. Argyria is a result of biotransformation involving complex processes. Silver is an indispensable part as it has a widespread area of implementation. Therefore, adopting proper monitoring, managing and control measures is necessary to reduce the exposure levels and safeguard the lives of the people engaged at occupational sites that deal with silver in numerous ways. References: 1.Bakand S, Hayes A. Toxicological considerations, toxicity assessment, and risk management of inhaled nanoparticles. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016 Jun 14;17(6). 2.Berlin A, Yodaiken RE, Hanman WA, editors. Assessment of toxic agents at the workplace: roles of ambient and biological monitoring. Springer Science Business Media; 2012 Dec 6. 3.Bretherick L. Bretherick's handbook of reactive chemical hazards. Elsevier; 2013 Oct 22. 4.Beer C, Foldbjerg R, Hayashi Y, Sutherland DS, Autrup H. Toxicity of silver nanoparticlesnanoparticle or silver ion?. Toxicology letters. 2012 Feb 5;208(3). 5.Harbison RD, Bourgeois MM, Johnson GT. Hamilton and Hardy's industrial toxicology. John Wiley Sons; 2015 Feb 9. 6.Bergeson LL, Cole MF. Regulatory Implications of Nanotechnology. Biointeractions of Nanomaterials. 2014 Jul 29. 7.Dave V, Khirwadkar P, Dashora K. A review on biotransformation. Indian Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biotechnology. 2014 Mar 1;2(2). 8.Molina-Hernandez AI, Diaz-Gonzalez JM, Saeb-Lima M, Dominguez-Cherit J. Argyria after silver nitrate intake: Case report and brief review of literature. Indian journal of dermatology. 2015 Sep;60(5):520. 9.Jaishankar M, Tseten T, Anbalagan N, Mathew BB, Beeregowda KN. Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdisciplinary toxicology. 2014 Jun 1;7(2). 10.Munger MA, Radwanski P, Hadlock GC, Stoddard G, Shaaban A, Falconer J, Grainger DW, Deering-Rice CE. In vivo human time-exposure study of orally dosed commercial silver nanoparticles. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine. 2014 Jan 31;10(1). 11.Lee JH, Ahn K, Kim SM, Jeon KS, Lee JS, Yu IJ. Continuous 3-day exposure assessment of workplace manufacturing silver nanoparticles. Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 2012 Sep 1;14(9). 12.www.atsdr.cdc.gov. 2016 [cited 27 September 2016] Available from: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp146.pdf 13.Peters TM. Managing Risks in Occupational Environments. Nanotechnology: Health and Environmental Risks. 2012 Nov 12. 14.www.ilo.org. 2016 [cited 27 September 2016] Available from: https://www.ilo.org/dyn 15.Sarazin P, Burstyn I, Kincl L, Lavou J. Trends in OSHA Compliance Monitoring Data 19792011: Statistical Modeling of Ancillary Information across 77 Chemicals. Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 2016 Jan 4. 16.www.dhss.delaware.gov. 2016 [cited 27 September 2016] Available from: https://dhss.delaware.gov/dhss/dph/files/silverfaq.pdf 17.www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au. 2016 [cited 27 September 2016] Available from: https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au 18.www.osha.gov. 2016 [cited 27 September 2016] Available from: https://www.osha.gov/dsg/annotated-pels/tablez-1.html

The Suggestions for Managing Employee Turnover

Drugs for heart failure Essays

Drugs for heart failure Essays Drugs for heart failure Paper Drugs for heart failure Paper Heart failure is the inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the body demand, which can be as a result of aging; the process can be stimulated by myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, mitral, chronic hypertension and sometimes diabetes mellitus, pharmacological invention is geared to prevention and alleviating the primary cause because heart failure is as a result of secondary consequence. Therefore it is important to control lipid level, blood pressure and blood glucose. Cardiovascular changes occur as result of the heart being unable to eject all blood from the left ventricle because of this deficit the heart respond by increasing the out put pressure which ultimately lead to increased pulse wave on the entire systemic circulation, which increases the mean arterial pressure with each subsequence heart beat, because of this after load the myocardial muscle of the left ventricle adapt by hypertrophying for the short run, however in the long run the heart is unable to compensate hence cough and shortness of breath are registered in chronic hypertension. The pathophysiology of heart failure result from decreased myocardial contraction which lead to reduced blood pressure characterized by decreased supply in the kidney which respond by secreting rennin-Angiotensin, a system responsible for the activation of the already secreted aldosterone by the which primarily causes retention of sodium ions and water retention, increased peripheral resistance, but causes edema of the limbs, increased blood volume and after load as a secondary event. finally leading to myocardial workload, simultaneously heart failure may occur both the right and left ventricles, it may predominantly affect the right side from increased preload resulting in pulmonary edema,on the peripheral and impaired blood supply to body organs for instance the liver, however cardiac decompensation may occur and present itself as dyspnea, fatigue, pulmonary congestions which causes cough and orthopnea and pulmonary edema where the patient feels like suffocating and sometimes extreme anxiety which may become worse at night. Appropriate medication is aimed at alleviating the symptoms by decreasing the heart rate, myocardial workload and increased contractibility; overtime the heart may lose it responsiveness compensate for increased workload . whereby it is advisable to restrict sodium and water to such patients; however other factors such as myocardial ischemia may aggravate the situation of acute heart failure. Treatment with ACT (Angiotensin covering enzyme) inhibits which mode of action involve lowering the peripheral resistance and prevent secretion of aldosterone, which ultimately lead to reduced arterial blood pressure hence removing the after load, and the dilation of the veins which lead to substantial reduced work load. An example of these drugs include lisinopril which is used for several weeks or months for the condition to return to normality, dosage recommended for an adult is 10mg/day, however several precaution measures should be observed before administration of the drug which include determination of the blood pressure range, patients with condition related to renal failure and also for physiological condition such as pregnancy which make it advisable to terminate treatment during the second and the third trimester, but the safety and efficacy of these drug to patients over 6 years and above have been determined. This drug work best when the treatment is started immediately at the onset of the signs of heart failure, because of the side effects of the ACT inhibits which include headache, dizziness, orthostatic, hypotension and cough, with the adverse effect at the long run which include severe hypotension, syncope, angioedema and blood dysrcasis. a reservation was made to such patient who may not tolerate this, hence an alternative was adopted . which have an action of blocking the ARBs (angiotensin receptors blocker) inhibitors which has the same mode of action as ACT inhibitors, with the approval of Valsartan and Candersarton in 2005, with a maximum recommendation dosage of 320mg/day and32mg/day respectively. Treatments of heart failure with diuretics have being used because of the less adverse effect and their effectiveness in alleviating the symptoms of heart failure by reducing fluid volume, normal diuretics are prescribed together with the ACE inhibitors with patients presenting symptoms such as pulmonary congestion a clear indicator of water retention. An example is loop diuretic called furosemide which work even with renal malfunction, the drug function best when administered intravenously in acute heart failure in span of minutes. Furosemide mode of action involves prevention of reabsorption in the loop of henle region for the sodium and chloride ions, however precaution should be observed before administering, by looking at potassium level, lower dose is recommended for geriatric patients, patients with pregnancy category C, neonates and developing infants should not be treated with the drug, dosage recommended for an adult is a maximum 600mg/day, furosemide have several side effect which in electrolyte imbalance and orthostatic hypotension, with the adverse effect at the long run which include; Severe hypotension, dehydrations, hypokalemia, hyponatremia and ototoxicity. Thiazide diuretics are less efficient than loop a diuretic which is reserve for patients with moderate or mild condition. However it can be efficient when used together with loop diuretics in acute heart failure, potassium sparing diuretics have low efficacy with limited use, with the exception of aldosterone antagonist called spironolactone which have displayed reduced mortality and slow progression of advanced heart failure, the dosage is given in part but a maximum of 200mg/day is recommended, which could have the following side effect such as hyperkalemia, gynecomastia in male fatigue and dysrhythmias as an adverse effect due to hyperkalemia. References Jack . G and Sternberg . S (2010) Analysis: hospital heart attack death rate drop. Merck manual (2008) Retrieved on 8 July 2010 from merck. com/mmhe/sec03/ch025/ch025a. html. Williamson (2010) anxious heart disease patients at high risk Retrieved on 8 July 2010 from, thetherapylounge. com/hypnotherapy-news/c-4408/anxious-heart-disease-patients-at-higher-risk/.

Task Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Task Management - Essay Example Fresh Snax needs to develop its information system. The possible required system is the one which can reduce inventory and improve service levels simultaneously and a proven management methodologies. It is not only the output that is important; you need to have a fast and accurate service, a consistent quality of the food and a good location. The management of information system includes the following functions: the core function and the support functions. The core function is the people that actually think of design, make and sell a product or a service. A support function helps them to achieve it. Choosing the proper computer system would help the Fresh Snax lessen its burden on the inventories, sales, and orders as well as increasing the profit of the company. Trained and well educated personnel should handle this new system. Like any other new system there will be some negative feedbacks, and from here the project manager will be able to develop it more. Soft System Methodology was developed by Peter Checkland in 1960 and was further developed in 1981. This methodology treats the problem as an opportunity for the company for improvement and enhancement of its system. It includes evaluation of the problem as to why it happens and how to handle it. It includes seven distinct stages: 1. Finding out the problem situation. 2. Expressing the problem situation through rich pictures 3. Selecting how to view the situation and producing root definitions. 4. Building conceptual models of what the system must do for each root definitions. 5. Comparison of the conceptual models with the real world. 6. Identify feasible and desirable changes. 7. Recommendations for taking action to improve the problem situation. Fresh Snax Transformation using the Soft System Methodology Fresh Snax Manager has identified the weaknesses in the current system, including insufficient stock to prepare the orders, poor scheduling of deliveries to customers, and casual staff unable to keep records of deliveries made. Fresh Snax is now aware that in order to keep the loyal customer they need to use the technology to a greater degree and meeting the customer needs. In line with this transformation a new system is being proposed. The new system will integrate a number of business functions, including stock control, recording and accepting customer orders, routing/scheduling of orders and recording of delivered orders. Stage 1 and 2 Fresh Snax is a growing company that supplies fresh quality of sandwiches, home baked snacks, the finest coffee and freshly squeezed fruit juices for sale at premium prices in petrol filling stations. Several problems were encountered specially on the inventories and services to their customer. Thus the problem situation for the company will be how good is the new system and how to evaluate the system performance Will the company benefit

Finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Finance - Assignment Example Tax Solutions Inc. is targeting to offer solutions so as to help businesses reduce tax exposures, capitalize on available tax incentives and hence increase their cash flows for growth. It targets small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in the USA to grow and create value with them. Among the tax incentives that Tax Solutions Inc. guide businesses on are industry specific and include Domestic Production Activities Deduction for manufacturers through its tax specialists in manufacturing industries irrespective of the nature of manufacturing. In addition, Tax Solutions Inc. team of experts will help them assess how a given tax credit fits with your overall tax strategy and timing. 31/12/20X4 - There are 7 employees working at Tax Solutions Inc., and they received their salaries at the weekend. The work week has 5 days and starts on Sunday and ends on Thursday. Weekly salary is $170,000, and it is paid every Thursday. December 31 fell on a Tuesday. This is a list of all closing balances of ledger accounts pertaining to a particular period. It is in this list that ledger balances are grouped either into debit balances and credit balances.1 In this regard, assets and expenses are debited while capital, revenues and liabilities are credited. At the end of the day, the debit and credit entries must be equal, and financial statements are then prepared using these balances. First, since its preparation id based on the principle of double entry, it is used to check the arithmetic accuracy because the debit and credit entries must be equal2. Second, it is used, to summarize, financial transactions that have taken place over a certain period. Third, it is used to trace accounting errors back to the journals and ledgers. Fourth, it is used by accountants as a working paper and the initial step towards the financial statements preparation. Despite the uses described above, trial balance suffers from serious

The Theme of Politics in Detective Fiction Essay

The Theme of Politics in Detective Fiction - Essay Example The Theme of Politics in Detective Fiction First, Politics has influence on detectives morals since they are also human beings expected to abide by the societal moral codes. The society expects investigators to portray excellent morals when handling criminal matters because people’s lives depend on the outcome. Whereas morals may differ from one culture to another, there is single moral that binds all the happenings of society; that is, the goal of doing well to another person. However, political influence on detective characters may alter the moral thinking with which they execute their duties. In fact, Dey brings forward, through the tales, the moral, political, and epistemological queries through the rationalistic and surveillance interpretations of detectives (97-20). According to him, bad politics hampers detective work. Secondly, the credibility of Detective findings depends on the political atmosphere at a specific time of the event. Harpham says that politicians get mad at each other, only when seasons changes (122). He adds that detective work involves rubbing shoulders with the politicians in some instances (127). Depending on the nature of favors that politicians may call from the detectives, some investigation findings risk being biased. In fact, the aspect is well portrayed in Dey’s articles when the author shows influence of political authority on the lives of various people such as Robbe-Grillet, and Agatha Christie murdered using political power (Dey 20).

How Stock Prices React to Information

How Stock Prices React to Information INTRODUCTION Case studies, introduced back in 1969, produced useful evidence on how stock prices react to information. Many studies focus on returns in the short window (several days) about clean of the event. The advantage of this approach is that, because expected daily returns are close to zero, the model for the expected return does not have a major impact on the findings of abnormal returns. The assumption in studies that focus on short return windows is that there were delays in price response event is short-lived. There is a developing literature that challenges this assumption, arguing instead that stock prices adjust slowly to information, so that one must examine returns over long horizons to show full-size market inefficiency. If someone said to accept its conclusions, many of the recent studies on long-term returns suggest market inefficiency, namely, long-term under reaction or overreaction to information. It is time, however, to ask whether this literature, viewed as a whole, suggests that the efficiency should be rejected. The answer should be a solid, no, for two reasons. First, the efficient market generates categories of events that individually suggest that prices are over-react to information. But in an efficient market, it is obvious: Under-reaction will be around as often as over-reaction. If the anomaly is divided between the accident under-reaction and overreaction, they are consistent with market efficiency. We will see that even clear about the division between overreaction and underreaction is a good description of the menu of existing anomalies. Second, and more importantly, if the long-term return anomalies are so large that it cannot be attributed to the case, then even split between over-and under-reaction is a Pyrrhic victory for market efficiency. We will find, however, that the long-term return anomalies are sensitive to the methodology. They tend to become marginal or disappear when exposed to different models for expected (normal) returns or when different statistical approaches are used to measure them. Thus, even viewed one by one, most long-term return anomalies can reasonably be attributed to chance. The problem in the development of the overall perspective of long-term return studies is that they rarely test specific alternative to market efficiency. Instead, the alternative hypothesis is unclear, the market inefficiency. This is unacceptable. Like all models, market efficiency (the hypothesis that prices fully reflect the available information) is a wrong description of the pricing. Following the standard scientific rule, however, market efficiency could be replaced by a better specific model of price formation, itself potentially rejectable by empirical tests. Each alternative model has a difficult task. Please specify the errors in information processing, which have the same investors under-react to certain types of events and over-reaction to others. The alternative must also clarify the observed results better than the simple story of market efficiency, ie the expected value of abnormal returns is zero, but chance generates deviations from zero (anomalies) in both directions. From the literature, the irregularity was not settled on a concrete alternative to market efficiency, to get the ball rolling I assume that reasonable alternatives must choose between over-reaction or response. Using this perspective, we review existing studies, without questioning their applications. Each mechanism of organized marketing assets or financial liabilities is determined on the financial market. It is a market in which financial assets and liabilities are traded (Richard and Bill, 2006). Financial assets in this area includes all forms of securities, ranging from ordinary derivatives. Performance, it is widely used can be seen as the ability to achieve the desired result of the action or not waste energy (Encarta Dictionary, 2009). In other words, it has to do with how resources are used efficiently, the extent to which something is good. Financial market efficiency can be said to include as financial assets and liabilities are exchanged efficiently and productively the funds invested in financial market instruments. However, the exchange of securities in respect of funds can not be made only at the price willingly accepted by both parties, while the price is determined mainly by the value and scope of information available on the market for investors. This document d iscusses the performance of financial markets, however, explore the theories and assumptions, and explaining in detail all the terminology (majorly prices and information) relating to the efficiency of the financial market. LITERATURE REVIEW There have been extensive results on the effectiveness of the financial market. This led to the development of various theories, such as determination of the value of securities, the impact of information on share prices, dividend policy, to name a few. DEFINITION OF FINANCIAL MARKET Financial markets, as per Olowe, 1997, are mechanisms in which the surplus and deficit units can be connected economy by buying and selling financial claims. Furthermore, he argues that the primary function of financial markets is to allow the funds effectively allocated from the surplus units in the economy, the deficit units for productive investments. Richard and Bill, 2006, view of the financial market, like any market mechanism for financial assets and securities. They further explain that there is often no physical market transactions are conducted via telephone or computer. Is any market in which financial assets and liabilities are traded and the mechanism through which corporate financial managers have access to various funding sources and instruments. Capital markets, however, operate in two ways: Primary market providing new capital for enterprises and other activities, usually in the form of issuing shares to new or existing shareholders or loans. It provides the focal points for lenders and borrowers to meet. First of all, new sources of funding is raised in this market. Secondary market trade existing securities, thereby allowing investors to supply the existing holdings at will. Active in the secondary market is a prerequisite for efficient primary market and, as no investor will want to stick with investments that cannot be implemented if desired. Institute of Chartered Accountants of London describes the financial market, with the means provided by the financial system for the creations, care and distribution of financial assets and liabilities. The market according to the institute, has two major segments, money and capital markets. Money market offers the opportunity to raise short-term investments and funds. Tenor, which from day to day varies from about a year or two years. Exchange financial instruments on the market include treasury bills, bills, treasury certificates, securities, etc., the capital market on the other hand are the mechanisms, institutions and structures in which the medium and long term funds are collected and made available for businesses, government and individuals . Capital markets is that the instruments which are already provided are outstanding. OVERREACTION AND UNDERREACTION One of the first papers on long-term return anomalies wrote by DeBondt and Thaler (1985). We find that when stocks are ranked on three to five years past returns, past winners are usually the future losers, and vice versa. Attributed to these long-term return reversals to investor overreaction. In forming expectations, investors give too much weight to past performance of companies and too little to performance instead of the mean return. DeBondt and Thaler seem to argue that the overreaction to past information about the general assessment of behavioral decision theory of Kahneman and Tversky (1982). So could be that the overreaction to the prediction of behavioural finance alternative to market efficiency. In most cases, however, the anomalies literature has not accepted the discipline of an alternative hypothesis. An exception is Lakonishok et al. (1994). They argue that the indicators of stock prices proxy for past performance. Companies in the high proportion of earnings in the financial market instruments. These are securities or financial instruments traded on financial markets and the already mentioned, the two major segments of financial markets money and capital markets, the instruments traded in the money market are as follows: Treasury securities those short-term obligations of the federal government to the holder a specified sum of money after a certain number of days in question. Treasury securities are of two types depending on the denomination and maturities. While Treasury yields are generally low fixed and matures about 91 days of issue of certificate treasury share similar features with it, but a longer duration and higher fixed rate. Certificate of deposit (CDS) these are the revenues of banks deposit liabilities of a specified interest rate for a specified period of time. CDS is an interbank asset and serve as a means of channeling cash surplus of commercial banks, commercial banks, who are the main issuers of these types of devices. When the bank promises to pay the principal and interest at maturity, usually 3-36 months, with the name of the negotiable certificate of deposits. However, if the CD features of the deposit receipt, and are generally held to maturity, while, they are called non-negotiable certificates of deposits. Non-negotiable certificates of deposits is also maturity of up to 3-36 months. Commercial paper this is an unsecured short-term bills issued by the company to interested investors for a cash discount for a specific term. Investors in commercial paper loans are usually worth individuals or institutional investors. This is usually for a duration ranging from 30-270 days. Commercial paper dealer, however, classified documents and the documents placed directly. Securities dealer commercial paper investors placed through the dealer, which can be placed directly under a bank notes, commercial papers directly to the investors of the company issuing the documents, which require the issuer to maintain dress trained personnel who have a good knowledge of financial markets and good relationships in the markets. In all cases, the commercial paper investment of the investors, who borrow in the credit market without security, or even negative pledge. Commercial paper traded only on the primary market. Bankers Acceptances also known as the draft bill adopted by the drawee bank determines that a certain amount to be paid after a certain period of time. Adopted by writing the word your means the whole face of the draft with authorized signature. If this is done, the invoice, you should be the beneficiary of a discount rate. This financing through international trade credits. It is also intended to finance trade in goods in bonded warehouses, and in particular the credit created by the bankers acceptance self-liquid short-term loans. The maturity range of 90-180 days, or sometimes 30 to 270 days. Bank deposits this place is the base of the investors / depositors of the bank agreed rate of interest. Bank deposits are divided into call deposits / savings account deposits and fixed deposits. Call made deposits with agreed maturity date, and should be terminated by both parties at any given notice to the other party to an agreement based on the period of notice, the deposit liabilities of deposit and the bank for a specified period a specified rate of interest, which can be fixed or variable. The maturity of deposits vary from a few days a number of years. The deposit must be certified or non-receipt or certificate of deposit. Derivatives they are using, or losing or speculation from hedge against movements in currencies and interest rates. These financial instruments whose value are derived from underlying securities, which allows an investor to gain exposure to the performance of the underlying securities without having to physically. If a profit, there may be a hidden risk in derivative markets. Financial experts term financial weapons of mass destruction, and describes as hell, which is easy, and almost impossible to quit. Examples of derivatives, forward contracts and contract options for the future. CAPITAL MARKET INSTRUMENTS Debt Securities long-term loans are raised by a company or the government, which interest is payable, and a fixed rate. The nominal value of debt instruments, the debt of the issuer of the instrument and the interest is paid at the nominal rate of interest on this amount. In most cases, debt can be exchanged. Preference Shares this is a major source of long-term financing for the company. The holders of traditional shareholders instead of dividends. Preference shares, if they are collectively entitled to the unpaid dividend for the previous periods, carried over from one period to another, until finally paid off, in which case the arrears must be paid before common stock dividends paid. As well as debt securities, preferred shares convertible. Ordinary Shares the holders of these shares owned by the company. These nominal values and the memorandum and articles of association of the companys authorized common shares of the company may issue. The ordinary shareholders of the companys remaining claims, ie, they paid dividends in other fixed obligations have been met. Convertible Securities shares of both of these hybrid securities, the functions of the fixed-income securities and equity. These securities (usually fixed-rate), which is convertible into ordinary shares in the companys choice of the right in the future. Having explained the concept of the financial market, and it is composed, it is necessary to examine whether effective or not. Before this can be done, efficiency, whereas a different connotation in different environments should be clarified in the light of the financial market. EFFICIENCY This word efficiency is all part of the vocabulary of everyone. For most, this means that it can achieve the desired result, without or with minimal wasted energy or effort. The Encarta dictionary, 2009, is the ability to do something well or achieve the desired results will not be wasted energy and effort, that is, to what extent something is done well, or not wasted energy and effort. Overall, this is a situation where growing prosperity of the amount of productive resources and the current state of technical knowledge economy, eliminating wasted effort, and allows for additional output from the available resources to achieve this desired result, avoiding wastage and prevent losses to avoid harm. (David N.H, 2005). However, in order that the various professions that means different things, the economists are talking about allocation of efficiency the extent to which resources are allocated to the most productive use of this society with the greatest need. The engineers talk about the technical efficiency the extent to which a mechanism performs the maximum capacity. Sociologists and political scientists talk about the social efficiency the extent to which complies with the accepted mechanism for social and political values. (Richard and Bill, 2006). 6.1 Financial Market Efficiency The investment guru or financial expert, a slightly better efficiency, this also applies to the pricing and information on the effectiveness, efficiency, instead of sources of financial market instruments. It is necessary to do a quick and convenient tool to convert currency and vice versa, that the price of the securities is determined and how to manage the risks associated with the securities. This, however, with the roles of the financial market is expected to perform in the economy, according to which the Olowe, 2007, divided into three (3); Allocational efficiency the role of financial markets to optimally allocate scarce savings in productive investments in such a way that benefits everyone. The operating efficiency the server as an intermediary, who provide the funds from savers to investors at the least cost, which offered them a fair return for their services. Pricing efficiency the role of the dominant values at which securities will be replaced if the market price of capital allocation signals. The prices of the forces of supply and demand. Fama, 1976 (the Olowe, 1997) considers the effectiveness of pricing efficiency in the processing of information. Based on what said before, we can conclude that the pricing information of the two major determinants of efficient financial markets. Thus, financial market efficiency can be defined as the market in which security prices quickly and fully reflects all available information. The market in which any device that outperforms the market to be unusable. Therefore, the efficient financial markets, the same yield for a given level of risk should be implemented for all investors. Price (E / P), cash flow to price (C / P), and the book-to-market equity (BE / ME) is generally poor past earnings growth, and firms with low E / P, C / P, and BE / ME are generally strong earnings growth in the past. Since the market is over-react to the recent growth, it is surprised when earnings growth mean returns. As a result, a high E / P, C / P, and BE / ME stocks (poor past performers) have high future returns, and low E / P, C / P, and BE / ME stocks (strong past performers) at low future returns. We also considered the poor long-term post-event returns in the stock market (IPO), and experienced their own offerings (SEO) is the overreaction camp. SEO is a strong stock returns in the three years prior to the issue. It seems safe to assume that these strong returns reflect strong earnings. It seems safe to assume that the IPO will have a strong past earnings to appear in public. If the market does not mean that the income growth increasingly means returns, stock prices at the time of the equity issue (IPO or SEO) is too high. If the market only gradually recognizes the mistake, the overreaction to past earnings adjusted for slow growth in the future. Finally, some argue that the long-term negative abnormal stock returns post-list of companies that the new list of the NYSE and Amex because of the overreaction. Companies list their stocks to take advantage of market overreaction to the recent strong performance. As it turns out, overreaction was the result of tests of long-term returns, market efficiency would be dead, replaced by the alternative behavioural DeBondt and Thaler. The fact that it was obvious during the reaction around frequently. My grandfather was in the bottom of the reaction to the events of the evidence that stock prices seem to respond to income of about one year after announced. Another impetus to the effect that the high returns of stocks over the past year, yields are typically high, as the next three to six months. Alternatively, if new tests also produce the long-term post-event abnormal returns, which suggest underreaction, indicating a positive post-event abnormal returns of divesting firms and the companies that will sell. Attributed to the result of market underreaction to the enhanced probability that after the spinoff, both the parent and the spinoff is likely to become merger targets, and the recipient of aid. Desai and Jain and Ikenberry et al. Determine that the companies shared experience in human resources, long-term positive abnormal returns before and after the split. Attributed to the post-split returns to the market underreaction to the information indicates a positive split. Lakonishok and Vermaelen find positive long-term post-event abnormal returns when companies apply for stock. Ikenberry et al. observed similar results in the open market share repurchases. The story in both cases is that while the market, responding to a positive sign for the future performance of the share repurchases. Finally, Michaely et al. finds that the basis of stock prices, appears to respond to negative information in dividend omissions, information and positive initiatives. A few of the long-term return anomalies it is not easy to classify. For example, Asquith and Agrawal et al. indicate negative long-term abnormal returns to acquiring firms following mergers. This is also attributable to underreaction of market to a bad investment decision, or overreaction to the typically strong pre-merger performance of acquiring firms, documented, and Mitchell Staford. Ikenberry and Lakonishok find a negative post-event abnormal returns of firms involved in proxy contests. A story, based on the stock exchange, responds to the poor performance of these businesses prior to the proxy of competition, but another is that the price is too responds to the proxy information that something is likely to change. Because of the ambiguities in classifying certain disorders, and given the fact that the above review is certainly not complete, I will not do a number against the overreaction underreaction studies. What is important is that the literature does not lean toward the clean up of behavioral alternative to market efficiency. This will not be lost in the behavioral finance researchers who acknowledge the issue: We hope that future research will help to understand why the market seems to overreact in certain circumstances and underreact in others. (Michaely et al.). The market efficiency hypothesis is a simple answer to this question is a chance. Specifically, the expected value of zero abnormal returns, but chance generates apparent anomalies that split randomly between underreaction and overreaction. The weight of evidence of long-term return anomalies are so overwhelming that market efficiency is not viable even in the absence of an alternative working model that explains both under-and overreaction? The answer to that question is no, for two reasons: First, it is doubtful that the literature is presented in a randomly selected sample of events. Splashy results get more attention, and it encourages you to find. That the dredging of the irregularities of a rewarding profession suggested by the fact that the anomalies literature shows so little sensitivity to the other hypothesis problem. The same authors, visual events are often satisfied with the overreaction or underreaction, and are prepared to conclude that both justify the rejection of market efficiency. Second, some disorders may be evident by means of a reasonable price. Fama and French find that the long-term return reversals and the DeBondt Thaler, and conversely, to return to the Lakonishok et al. captured by a multifactor asset pricing model. In a nutshell, covariation between the returns of long-term losers seems related to the risk premium, which explains why higher future average returns than long-term winners. Fama and French discuss the fights and the multifactorial model, but the results are sufficient to illustrate an important point: Conclusions on market efficiency can be sensitive to the assumed model of expected returns. Last, but most importantly, have more or less split between overreaction and underreaction is not much support for market efficiency in the long-term return anomalies are so great they can not be attributed to chance. But it will still be viewed individually, most of the anomalies are weak. They usually disappear when reasonable alternative approaches to measure them. 6.2 Pricing of Securities Pricing is a major determinant of financial market efficiency security is discussed in relation to pricing of risk and return. Risk, which is created by many factors, such as general economic conditions, economic factors specific to security, competition, technological development, investor preferences, and all other kinds of circumstances, as defined in Van Horne, 1986, the various possible return on investment. Olowe, in 1997, also sees risk to the likelihood of a deviation from the expected return from holding a security back to the actual holding of such securities. The introduction of the risk, the investor may be indifferent as to which to invest in safety, if there is available for investment, similar yields. A conceptual framework for examining the relationship between risk and return, as they affect the pricing of security, discussed the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and the discretionary pricing model (APM). 6.3 Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) This model was developed by Sharpe (1964), Linter (1965) and Mossin (1966). It shows the expected return on the relationship between security and the inevitable risks. Provides a framework for the evaluation of the securities and can be used to find the unit cost of equity capital. CAPM, however, was the following assumptions: A time CAPM model assumes that investors are risk averse. The rice adopters and investors in the securities in the uniform requirement. There is a risk-free security, so that investors may borrow or loan an unlimited amount of risk premium rates. The securities are sold, and perfectly divisible. Even more so, to the quantities. The information is freely available to all investors. Investment restrictions cannot be neglected and no investor is large enough to affect the market price of the stock. The above assumptions are briefly assumes that there is a perfect market, and that the financial market is efficient. Thus, as the assumptions, all asset prices fall, that the security market line, while the security market line equation: E(R1) = RF + [E(RM) RF]ÃŽ ²1 Where ÃŽ ²1 = COV(R1RM) ÏÆ'2m E(R1) = expected return on security RF = risk – free rate E(RM) = expected rate on market portfolio ÃŽ ²1 = beta of security i COV(R1RM)= covariance of return on security i with the returns on a market portfolio. ÏÆ'2m = variance of returns on the market portfolio Example; if the expected return on security is 24% and its beta is 1.8. show whether the security is under or overvalued if the risk – free rate is 13% and return on market portfolio is 18%. Solution; E(R1) = RF + [E(RM) RF]ÃŽ ²1 = 0.13 + [0.18 – 0.13]1.8 0.22 i.e. 22%. We conclude that it is undervalued as the expected return is 2% less than the predicted. i.e. 24% > 22%. 6.4 Characteristics of CAPM The fact that not all risk-return safety concern that risk averse investors, asset should be priced to the risk-adjusted return is exactly the security market line. So the only risk is that investors pay a premium to avoid the risk of market share so that the total risk of each security in a systematic and systemic risk. A general and systematic risk affects the entire market, and irregular and the characteristic factors unique to a particular person. Effective diversification, however, reduces the overall risk of the portfolio to the point where only the regular risk remains. Measured by the weighted average portfolio beta of the beta of individual securities in the portfolio. Proportion of portfolio funds allocated to represent the weights of individual securities in the portfolio, and it represents mathematically: n ÃŽ ²P = ∑ wi ÃŽ ²i i=1 where ÃŽ ²p = beta of portfolio p ÃŽ ²i = beta of security Wi = proportion of security in portfolio p Conclusion: CAPM has been derived under some simplifying assumptions, most of which do not correspond to reality. For this reason, it has been criticized on the grounds that it assumes the market portfolio of all assets stocks, bonds, property and human capital. The real-life situations, empirical tests of the CAPM tend to use proxies, such as stock market indices as the market portfolio. 6.5 The Arbitrage Pricing Model It has proposed by Rose (1976), because the dissatisfaction of the CAPM on the theoretical and empirical grounds. This is a multi-factor model (multiple-beta model), compared to the CAPM, a single factor model. The safety factor for the actual return for a state grant: n Ri = E(Ri) + ∑ bijFj + ej J=1 This can be restated as Ri = E(Ri) + bi1F1+bi2F2 + †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. + binFn + ei Ri = actual return on security E(Ri) = expected return on security i Fj = the (uncertain) value of factor j bij = sensitivity to factor j ei = the error term. It is also the security-specific return. Similar to the CAPM, we diversify the unsystematic risk, but in addition, we arrive at the market equilibrium, as individuals eliminate arbitrage profits across multiple factors. The model does not explicitly indicate what factors or economic factors or behavioral significance. However, the market return as in the case of CAPM can be one factor. The APM, therefore, suggests that the linear relationship between security returns and a few factors. The steady-state under this model, the expected return on security i E (Ri) issued by: E(Ri) = Rf +Ɔº1 bi1 + Ɔº2 bi2 + †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..+ Ɔºn bn Where Rf = risk – free rate Ɔºn = risk premium for the types of risk associated with particular factors. Its equation can be rewritten as: Ɔºn = En – Rf where En is the expected return of a portfolio which has unit response to other factors. Example: The return of stock company is related to two factors as follows. E(Ri) = Rf +0.7Ɔº1 + 1.6 Ɔº2 + 1.3 Ɔº3 Where 0.7,1.6 and 1.3 are sensitivity coefficients associated with each factor. If the risk – free rate is 12%, Ɔº1 is 7%, Ɔº2 is 4% and Ɔº3 is 6%. Calculate the expected return on the company’s stock. Solution: E(Ri) = 0.12 + 0.7(0.07) + 1.6(0.04)+1.3(0.06) = 0.311 i.e. 31.1% In summary, it seems more than the CAPM, the APM allows the CAPM risk averse investors to focus more attention to the systematic risk of securities pricing and diversify the systematic risk. According to APM on the other hand, individuals across a number of factors arbitrage, arbitrage opportunities disappear when the market is in balance. However, there is consensus on these factors, the APM, and testable. Thus, CAPM can still be used in security prices. INFORMATION ON SECURITIES Information can be classified as historic, current, or expected. Only the current or previous information from some of its effect on prices. The more information is available, the better the situation means that an informed decision is more likely correct. Security prices are characterized by a random and unpredictable movements. The movement in security prices may be interpreted to mean that investors in the market, a quick note to all security-related information on prices and prices adjust quickly to such information. Thus, the effectiveness of the security prices depend on the speed of price adjustment to all available information. The more efficient than the speed of adjustment of prices. The market efficiency of the available information, however, the efficient market hypothesis reflects (EMW), the three basic forms: Weak form Semi a strong form; Strong form. 1) The weak form EMH states that current stock prices fully reflect all of the information included in the recent price movements, which makes it impossible for investors to predict future security prices and the analysis of historical prices, achieved better results than the stock market as well. Therefore, the market may be effective in this form, there is no significant correlation term average prices of securities. Even more so, if an investors trading strategy can not beat the market based on information available to him, we conclude that the market is weak form efficient. Olowe 1997, places that most

Capote Essay -- Analysis, Journalism, Literary Adaptations

Even though it is problematic to define the happening of an event as a â€Å"text† or â€Å"hypotext†, works of literary journalism are closely related to the framework of adaptations because an adaptation is defined as the process of making a work of art upon the basis of elements provided in a different medium; furthermore, works of literary journalism often resemble the filmic construction of a screen play. Before I support my argument by using Stam’s theories about literary adaptations into film from his essay "Beyond Fidelity: The Dialogics of Adaptation", I will start with a short summary of Stam’s article. He starts his essay by complaining â€Å"The language of criticism dealing with the film adaptation of novels has often been profoundly moralistic, awash in terms such as infidelity, betrayal, deformation, violation, vulgarization, and desecration, each accusation carrying its specific charge of outraged negativity† (54). He claims that a more effective criticism will be based in â€Å"contextual and intertextual history† (75), and less concerned with vague ideas of fidelity. He believes that absolute fidelity is impossible due to (1) the difference in medium between novel and film, (2) the lack of a single absolutely correct reading of a novel, and (3) the intertextuality of all novels and films. He claims that: â€Å"Each medium has its own specificity deriving from its respective materials of expression† (59), and explains that the written word is the novels only component of expression, while the film has more components such as â€Å"moving photographic im age, phonetic sound, music, noises, and written materials† (59). Therefore, certain changes are inevitable. Stam is also concerned with the term ‘faithfulness’ in film adaptations. Is it... ...e subdivided into eighty-six scenes which tell the facts of the case by constantly alternating the viewpoint (132), which is obviously a technique of screen writing. In his biography Capote, Clarke also identifies Capote’s style as cinematic when he claims that: â€Å"Despite Brook’s effort, it [the movie In Cold Blood], has little of the book’s impact. Paradoxically, it is also less cinematic than the book† (386). To conclude, the similarities in the process processes of transforming a body of hypotexts, the similarities between mediation filters in the process of adapting a novel into a film and adapting a factual case into a non-fiction novel, as well as the fact that most adaptations are realized in a style that creates a cinematic experience for the reader, are factors that proof my proposal that works of literary journalism can also be seen as adaptations.

Microeconomics: Corn Market Problems

Corn Market Problems Since April there have been some major issues with the production in the Corn Belt of America. The central and west areas of the Corn Belt are relatively unaffected, but the north and east areas have seen some major decreases in corn output due to underweight corn and corn diseases. North Dakota, Indiana, Illinois and parts of Iowa have seen the most damage, mainly because of molds and mycotoxins. Many fear that this shortage of corn will affect the grain trade and the economy as a whole since many of the corn is too damaged to be used for feed or energy.Some farmers have experimented with mixing good quality corn with the underweight corn in order to meet the national standard for corn weight, so this may help a little. With a shortage like this, on a product that has so many purposes, it would be hard to find a substitute; therefore we can expect the demand of corn to rise. A rise in demand will also lead to a rise in price and a rise in quantity demanded. Farm ers will strive for maximum efficiency and cut corners to yield as much corn as possible, but the supply still will not be enough.The shortage of corn will cause the supply curve to move to the left. This means that price will increase, but the quantity supplied is going to be limited. Hopefully there can be enough corn in other areas to pick up after the north and east ends of the corn belt. The market-equilibrium price will be affected as well. Since there is an obvious shortage and corn suppliers are unable to produce as much corn as normal, the rise in demand and decrease in supply will inevitabley lead to an increase in market price.

Free Essays on Imperialism

â€Å"In a process of natural selection, weaker individuals were weeded out and it enables the strongest to survive.† This is a quote explaining Social Darwinism (survival of the fittest). Imperialism is a perfect example of Social Darwinism. Nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories. Imperialism is a necessity in order to achieve the accomplishment of being the most respected country. Imperialism should not be debated on the issue of morals, what should be debated is whether it is necessary or not. The answer is yes, it is necessary. All other major powers throughout the world continued to expand. If the United States did not follow others, they would become the weaker power and eventually they would be taken over. If others were to improve, you need to improve as well, or else you will be weeded out due to Social Darwinism. Throughout the world, only the strongest countries would survive. It was survival of the fittest. In order to become the fittest, a country needs to become imperial. Imperialism allowed for new strategic military American locations, such as Hawaii. These locations help ensure the safety of Americans as they live in the strongest nation in the world. The annexation of Hawaii strongly helped America because of the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor. This gave the United States a warning of war. If we did not set up Pearl Harbor, then there is a chance our country could have been bombed, causing a great loss in security(military powers), lives, and in the economy. Pearl Harbor is just one example that shows how much different the United States might have been today if it were not for imperialism. The United States needed to expand, especially with all the newly acquired technology. It enabled American farms and factories to produce more than citizens can consume. America needed new markets and raw materials for its manufactured goods. Foreign trade was a solution to over... Free Essays on Imperialism Free Essays on Imperialism European imperialism emerged in the early eighteen hundreds and continued on into the early nineteen hundreds. While Rome used imperialism as a means to acquire territory and land, Europe had other means and motives to justify their imperialistic behavior. Europeans not only wanted to obtain land, but they also wanted to achieve power, politically and economically. The majority of the motivation for imperialism derived from the Industrial Revolution. The countries strived to obtain control over colonies in order to control strategic passages, such as the Straits of Gibraltar and the Suez Canal. They also wanted the control of overseas bases to keep ships and troops supplied and ready whenever needed. Not all Europeans imperialistic motives were selfish though. A large number of Europeans went overseas to try and help unfortunate people. They felt as though they were offering their "blessings" to the "pitiful heathens". European governments imposed their laws on the people and taught them how to rule in a structured fashion. European missionaries spread Christianity and humanitarians promoted public health and education. The British writer Rudyard Kipling termed Europe’s benefiting of the "backward" peoples of Africa and Asia "Th e White Man’s Burden". Many European countries also had a desire to increase their wealth and, therefore, had economic reasons for their imperialistic behavior. The great economic financiers, a few wealthy men, used their wealth and social connections to induce the government to protect their investments through political dominance over undeveloped lands. France, Britain, and Germany were the three main Imperialist Powers in Africa during the late eighteen hundreds. In February 1885, the main European powers signed the Berlin Act, which formalized the process of partition of Africa. The Act included the guidelines of how each country was to define its territories. The colonies on the West Coast of Africa w... Free Essays on Imperialism Imperialism was reborn in the West with the emergence of the modern nation-state and the age of exploration and discovery. It is to this modern type of empire building that the term imperialism is quite often restricted. Colonies were established not only in more or less sparsely inhabited places where there were few or no highly integrated native states (e.g., North America and Africa) but also in lands where ancient civilizations and states existed (e.g., India, Malaya, Indonesia, and the Inca lands of South America). The emigration of European settlers to people the Western Hemisphere and Africa, known as colonization , was marked by the same attitude of assumed superiority on the part of the newcomers toward the native populations that prevailed where the Europeans merely took over control without large-scale settlements. From the 15th to the 17th cent. the Portuguese and the Dutch built â€Å"trading empires† in Africa and the East for the exploitation of the resources and commerce with lands already developed. The Spanish and Portuguese established important colonies in the New World in the 16th and 17th cents., hoping to exploit the mineral wealth of the lands they conquered. The British and French imperialists became the foremost exemplars of colonial settlement in Africa and the East. Acting on mercantilist principles, the European nations in the 18th cent. attempted to regulate the trade of their colonies in the interests of the mother country. Later, the increase of manufactures in the industrial revolution introduced a new form of imperialism, as industrial nations scrambled both for markets and for raw materials. The eastward spread of Russia after the 16th cent. and the westward spread of the United States may also be termed imperialistic, although the United States did not actually acquire colonial possessions until the Spanish-American War. In the late 19th cent. Italy, Germany, and Japan also developed im... Free Essays on Imperialism â€Å"In a process of natural selection, weaker individuals were weeded out and it enables the strongest to survive.† This is a quote explaining Social Darwinism (survival of the fittest). Imperialism is a perfect example of Social Darwinism. Nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories. Imperialism is a necessity in order to achieve the accomplishment of being the most respected country. Imperialism should not be debated on the issue of morals, what should be debated is whether it is necessary or not. The answer is yes, it is necessary. All other major powers throughout the world continued to expand. If the United States did not follow others, they would become the weaker power and eventually they would be taken over. If others were to improve, you need to improve as well, or else you will be weeded out due to Social Darwinism. Throughout the world, only the strongest countries would survive. It was survival of the fittest. In order to become the fittest, a country needs to become imperial. Imperialism allowed for new strategic military American locations, such as Hawaii. These locations help ensure the safety of Americans as they live in the strongest nation in the world. The annexation of Hawaii strongly helped America because of the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor. This gave the United States a warning of war. If we did not set up Pearl Harbor, then there is a chance our country could have been bombed, causing a great loss in security(military powers), lives, and in the economy. Pearl Harbor is just one example that shows how much different the United States might have been today if it were not for imperialism. The United States needed to expand, especially with all the newly acquired technology. It enabled American farms and factories to produce more than citizens can consume. America needed new markets and raw materials for its manufactured goods. Foreign trade was a solution to over... Free Essays on Imperialism In the late 19th century, imperialism was a major issue in many nations of the world. Imperialism is the extension of a nation's power due to the acquiring of territory or economic conditions through military force or political means. Countries revived the imperialistic movement because the need of raw materials and labor for industrial purposes was so great. Also, the countries wanted to increase their overall wealth and trade. Christianity gained power due to this imperialistic movement of the Western world. Missionaries became rampant in lands that had been acquired by countries of the Western world. The primary reasons that imperialism succeeded during this time were the technological and military advances of this time period. Uncivilized countries could not compete with the artillery and military prowess of the Western world. Latin America became subject to imperialism due to the poor economic conditions of its countries. The Middle East experienced the movement because of the d ecline of such vast areas as the Ottoman Empire and Turkey. The Western world gained control of Africa through trading companies from Great Britain, France, and Germany. Many countries gained territories during this period of imperialism. Persia was divided between Great Britain and Russia, and Britain also seized Burma and Malaya. The Dutch gained control of the majority of the archipelago of Indonesia. In Asia, Britain still had control of India. Japan took the area of Formosa from China, which was saved as a whole from the imperialistic powers because the United States intervened and no country wanted the other to have the advantage of possessing China. Japan defeated Russia for the control of Manchuria. Many factors gave the West an advantage over the rest of the world. Vaccines were developed. Telegraphs became essential tools of communication. The steamboat and railroad drastically reduced transportation costs for materials. Machine guns allowed count... Free Essays on Imperialism Imperialism, practice by which powerful nations or peoples seek to extend and maintain control or influence over weaker nations or peoples. Scholars frequently use the term more restrictively: Some associate imperialism solely with the economic expansion of capitalist states; others reserve it for European expansion after 1870. Imperialism refers; more broadly, to control or influence that is exercised either formally or informally, directly or indirectly, politically or economically. Imperialism dates from antiquity, and throughout history it has taken many forms. In any given historical period, certain forms tend to be more prevalent than others. In the ancient world imperialism manifested itself in a series of great empires that arose when one people, usually representing a particular civilization and religion, attempted to dominate all others by creating a unified system of control. The empire of Alexander the Great and the Roman Empire are salient examples. Early modern European imperialism (1400-1750), by contrast, generally took the form of overseas colonial expansion. Rather than one state attempting to unify the world, in this period many competing states established political control over territories in South and Southeast Asia and in the New World. Imperial systems were organized according to the doctrine of mercantilism: Each imperial state attempted to control the trade of its colonies, in order to monopolize the benefits of that trade. In the mid-19th century yet another variant of imperialism appeared, the imperialism of free trade. The practice endured in this period even though mercantilism and the pace of formal empire building declined significantly. European, especially British, power and influence were extended informally, mainly through diplomatic and economic means, rather than formally, through direct colonial rule. The imperialism of free trade, however, was short-lived: By the end of the 19th century Europe... Free Essays on Imperialism Imperialism is the growth of a nation’s power by obtaining territory or economic conditions by political means or military force. Powerful countries usually try to extend their influence over weaker countries and then colonize them in order to have them expand their own power. Imperialism throughout history has had both positive and negative impacts. Imperialism can be seen as a beneficial influence, as well as a harmful influence. Although imperialism can be seen differently, it is clear that imperialism is essential for countries to grow and progress. Imperialism is a crucial step, which all countries have to make at some point. This can mainly be seen in China. China had rigorously controlled trade with other nations for an extensive period. Chinese rulers had controlled the foreign trade with a firm hand because it was in the benefaction of China. China sold tea and many other things to European merchants for silver and gold in return. This was known the balance of trade; they would export more than they import. In 1973, British desired an increase in trading rights but emperor Qianlong refused. Sometime after this demand, China has reached a period of decline. Then the Industrial Revolution had created a need for extended markets in European goods. In the 1800’s, Western nations began to use their rising power and glory to their advantage. They used this power to spread their influence over Asia along with the rest of the world. British traders discovered they could make money by trading opium for Chinese tea. In the 1830’s, British merchant ships were arriving off the coast of China. Ready to sell to the Chinese the British came with ships full of opium. The Chinese population became fixated on opium, and silver began to vanish in China in exchange for the new drug. This vast exchange had begun to disrupt the Chinese economy. The imperialism that the British were bringing on the Chinese people made thei... Free Essays on Imperialism In the late 19th century, imperialism was a major issue in many nations of the world. Imperialism is the extension of a nation's power due to the acquiring of territory or economic conditions through military force or political means. Countries revived the imperialistic movement because of political, economic, and cultural motives. This paper will serve to generally answer a few points regarding imperialism in the 19th century. It will cover certain aspects pertaining to the reasoning and outcomes of imperialism in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. All the key players who partook in imperialism had the same motives to pursue the actions they performed that we now read in history books. Europeans and Americans wanted balance in power. Well in actuality, a country would be afraid that the other countries would become too powerful and thus felt the need to acquire more political power. With this came the theory and mindset that everyone should become more like western civilizations. If countries spread to other lands and territories, it meant many opportunities from businesses and business-minded individuals. In addition, the imperialized territories would theoretically prosper from economic growth. Valuable resources of cotton, rubber, palm oil, copper, tin, gold, diamonds, tea, tobacco, sugar, and other resources were available to those who could seize them and raise the economy. The last main motive to pursue imperialistic policies was from a cultural revivalism. Apparently it was â€Å"the white man’s burden†, or duty to civilize people and teach them the ways of the western world. These three motives (political, economical, and cultural) all stemmed from a basic theory; a theory of â€Å"natural selection† and the need to be the best and the strongest, Social Darwinism. The land grab of the New Age Imperialism came about at an unprecedented speed. This would not have been the case if it weren’t for the vast economic technological ...

Business Strategy Coursework Assignment 2006 Essays

Business Strategy Coursework Assignment 2006 Essays Business Strategy Coursework Assignment 2006 Essay Business Strategy Coursework Assignment 2006 Essay Business Strategy Coursework Assignment 2006 / 2007 Analyse the schemes used by Lush UK to construct and prolong competitory advantage. What are the strategic issues and options confronting the administration in November 2006? The first strategic issue would be to increase the board members so that the board is independent, with a Non-executive Chairman and four Non-executive Directors. Recruit or promote or train and advance one or two proficient specializers, from within the administration, with one to be the future CEO and the other to run R A ; D. Besides appoint Marketing and Finance Directors. The Executive Directors being the CEO, FD and Marketing Director should be responsible for looking after the operations: Chief Executive Officer – UK Operations Finance Director – Finance and Canadian and Italian Operationss Marketing Director – Marketing and Australian and Nipponese Operationss The 2nd strategic issue will be to pull up a household tree of the administration to demo who runs each store and each operation. That’s the Board and the Management squad with Team Leaders and Team members. Note: TBA = To Be Advised and Shops need to be defined by Regional Manager and Country. The 3rd strategic issue, since the company exports to 29 states do they hold web sites, packaging and cusps that cover the linguistic communications of all these states. The 4th strategic issue would be for the Board to so carry on a reappraisal and study all the employees and clients for their positions on how things could be improved. The last five old ages of their rivals Annual Reports should be included in this reappraisal and all thoughts and new merchandises listed and scored as a possible merchandise or thought to better a merchandise scope, packing or selling. This will ensue in the route map for the future way of the administration.

The use of emotions during communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The use of emotions during communication - Essay Example Moving on, it is important to comprehend here that emotion-usage is increasing with the interaction amongst people who hail from different cultural backgrounds and settings. This adds to the value of communication methodologies that are adopted amongst the individuals. Hence the need to have a proper mechanism of communication in place is apparent with the changing times because people feel the need to converse with each other and therefore make their point clear in a very lucid way. People use emotions in order to get their point across to a larger set of audience. This is because they feel that by using emotions, they would be able to make their voice apparent and hence their message would be taken more seriously. The element of genuineness and authenticity seems to be the main premise behind displaying emotions in any communication medium. What is even more important is the fact that communication becomes very complete and comprehensive when emotions are embedded in them. Furthermore, there is a need to decipher the exact role of emotions being at the helm of understanding the communication mechanisms within any interactive exercise. This suggests that those people who lack the proper usage of emotions within their peculiar styles of communicating with a large crowd are usually the ones who are taken in a non-serious way. Their genuineness seems to take a big blow just because they are unable to make use of their body language, their nonverbal cues, their usage of hands, body parts and so on (Lapin 2004). When people use emotions to make their point clear, the audience that is listening to them understands the need for the emotional usage which is indeed further boosting the spoken word within a speech. This speech is indeed important for communicating the message from the sender down to the receiver’s end. The use of emotions within any communication mechanism would indeed bring in the much needed sanity that one is looking for. If the speakers

No one has to go to school Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

No one has to go to school - Essay Example He then suggests repealing compulsory-attendance laws in order for public schools to provide better education to those who are committed and willing to learn. The article demonstrates how the compulsory-attendance law is not delivering the goods it promised to deliver- increase the number of children attending school. Quite the contrary, it has negligible impact on the number of children attending school. Moreover, this law is not rigidly followed because of its costs and public schools are forced to accept and teach unruly students. The author believes that the time spent to teach these disorderly students should instead be spent on serious learners. Hence, the author comes to a conclusion that removing compulsory-attendance laws will be a financially smart move. The author explains that without compulsory-attendance laws teachers students, especially those in the elementary level, will be forced to take their studies more seriously, or else they will lose their chance of acquiring higher formal education. And, lastly, the author argues that schools should not be looked upon as a jack-of-all-trades, because schools are created to fulfill only one major function—to