Project management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Project management - Coursework Example The Trans-Saharan gas pipeline (TGSP) is a project whose aim is to see Algeria and Nigeria team up in a bid to have a diversification of gas supplies to the European continent. Seen by many analysts as the most incredible venture in Africa, the two countries seek to connect the supply of natural gas at Algeria for further countries to benefit (Nwaoha and Wood 2014). Unknown to many people is that this project was first suggested in the 70s but it has encountered a myriad of challenges before its initiation. It was not until 2009 that ministers from the concerned countries met and agreed to have the project completed by 2015 (Seljom and Rosenberg 2011). However, this is yet to be achieved due to various hurdles standing in the way. Even though this was previously thought to be a Nigeria-Algeria affair, Niger could not be overlooked since the project had to pass through its territory. The project’s scope will see it start from Warri region- which is in Nigeria-, pass through Niger all the way to Hassi R’mel which is in Algeria. Once at R’mel, the project will then connect with the Trans-Mediterranean, Medgaz, Galsi and Maghreb pipelines that currently supply to many parts of Europe (Reymond 2007). In terms of length, the entire project is estimated to cover at least 4,128 km but for the Algerian part, which forms the basis of this Project initiation document, the scope is at 2,310 km. The objectives of this project includes expanding the natural gas market to the European countries, solidify the relations among the involved parties and seeking to find an ending market for the gas product. In addition to having an improved economy, other benefits that will be evident from this project include the strengthened unity of the countries and employment opportunities for a significant number of Algerians. Natural gas is one of the most consumed commodities in not only Europe but also globally (Engerer and Horn 2010) .The

Aristotle Plato Essay Example for Free

Aristotle Plato Essay Aristotle was born on 384 BC in Stageira, Chalcidice 34 miles east of modern-day Thessaloniki. His father Nicomachus was the personal physician to King Amyntas of Macedon. Aristotle educated as a member of aristocracy and at the age of eighteen, he went to Athens to do his further studies in Plato’s Academy. He was there at the beginning as a student of Plato, and then became a researcher and finally a teacher. Aristotle married Hermiass niece Pythias who died ten years later. After her death he married Herpyllis, who came from his birthplace, Stageira. By 335 BC he had returned to Athens, establishing his own school in there known as the Lyceum. This Academy focused more on biology than its predecessor that relied on mathematics. Aristotle not only studied almost every subject possible at the time, but made significant contributions to most of them. In physical science, Aristotle studied anatomy, astronomy, embryology, geography, geology, meteorology, physics and zoology. In philosophy, he wrote on aesthetics, ethics, government, metaphysics, politics, economics, psychology, rhetoric and theology. He also studied education, foreign customs, literature and poetry. His combined works constitute a virtual encyclopedia of Greek knowledge. It has been suggested that Aristotle was probably the last person to know everything there was to be known in his own time. He greatly admired Plato all the way to his death, despite the fact that he later opposed some of his most important points. Aristotle died in 322 BC at the age of sixty-two in Chalkis on the island of Euboea. He also said many sayings regarded to different topics or fields like other Philosophers. Once a person asked that â€Å"what is friend? † Aristotle answered as follows. â€Å"A single soul dwelling in Two Bodies†. Like other Philosophers, Aristotle too talked about friendship and the above quote is such one. When we talk about the friendship, it is a kind of internal bonding among two or more beings. Most of the time, this bonding does not depend on one’s caste, gender, age, occupation, wealth or any other. That is why even very best friend’s needs show a little difference from each other because our bodies are external and physical. The most valuable thing for a human life is the friendship because it is very difficult to live alone. Even the present Psychologists accept that concept. If we go deep into this particular relationship, this can be a good one or a bad one as this depends on their intentions and thoughts. Actually the friendship is a backup for a one’s life, when our self is down with a problem or sadness, our friend is the first person who identifies our situation. He/She may not be able to find a solution for us, but surely he/she will be there to cry with us. That is how best friends act at all. They never let the other down. One’s sadness will be the other’s sadness. That is why Aristotle clearly said that one sole dwelling in two bodies. Friendship will gives the same feeling for all the friends even that is a comedy, tragedy or a joy because friends are one in their souls. Friendship is not only within two persons but within a group of them. Education is the guider to a one’s life. Aristotle said that, â€Å"The roots of the education is bitter, but the fruit is sweet†. Education is received according to a specific order. That is why we can categorize it into primary education, secondary and higher education. Primary education or the very basic education is the important stage for a person because from that only he starts to think logically and effectively. Then only he can have a clear mind about his/her future. If the primary education is not strong, final result will be not a satisfactory one. If the root system is not well developed the tree will not be a good one. But the thing is our basic education is not a sweet one because there are many difficulties and hardships to undergo. Aristotle tried to tell that when we start something we must not judge its conditions from that point, we must think beyond that which means about its future. Because the fruit is our future. Although a tree is fully grown, it never is able to obtain nutrients and water from its top part. From root system only it will get those necessary nutrients. Likewise every new updating knowledge will come through our basic knowledge, if not we won’t be able to understand those. We must remember that there must be difficulties and unpleasant points in our life to make our future a brighter and comfortable one like the great Philosopher, Aristotle.

Cable Modems in the Workplace :: Internet Cable Modem Essays

Cable Modems in the Workplace Until recently, small businesses could not afford T-1 service to connect to the network. The recent advent of cable modems has provided a cheaper alternative to this problem. Cable operators have primarily targeted consumers in their initial cable modem rollouts. Multiple System Operators (MSOs) are now selling higher priced broadband Internet services to the corporate customer. The question is, does cable modem technology provide the optimum service for a medium sized company that is dependent on the Internet for data computing and research? To answer this question, we have to evaluate the price, bandwidth, and reliability in the business network. One significant factor that separates cable modem technology from other telephone networks is its ability to share bandwidth on the network. This characteristic is both an advantage and disadvantage for cable modems. The advantage is that cable modem users have the ability to use as much bandwidth as possible when it is available. The disadvantage resides in network congestion. When the user needs the bandwidth for a large file download or upload, it is not guaranteed the bandwidth. Lack of guaranteed bandwidth and modem reliability is the biggest concern that most companies have with cable modems. Yes, it is cheap, but can it perform? In the past, the reliability rate was 50% to 60% because of improper equipment and technology. (Schuman, Now playing:, 1999) More recently, upgrades of the cable system has allowed close to 98% cable modem reliability. Reliability is also dependent upon the number of users the cable company has hooked up to the cable node. If too many users are connected to the same node, there will be degradation in throughput. The cable company claims 30 Mbps downstream data transfer, but sharing often makes it more like 1.5 Mbps. (ZDNET, Cable Modems:, 1999) The quality cable companies like TCI, mitigates the uneasiness about reliability and questionable throughput by providing guaranteed upstream bandwidth, and excellent technical support. The reliability and congestion issues all seem to be problems of the past with the current upgrad es and service quality improvements made by the cable company. The big advantage that attracts many businesses is the low monthly fees compared to T-1 lines. A traditional T-1 line will cost at least $1,000 per month, where as TCI cable company charges $249 per month for 256 Kbps upstream connection.

Evolution of Goaltending in the NHL Essay -- essays research papers

Today, the term hockey describes differing games in various parts of the world, but specifically in North America it refers to as ice hockey. In its origin, hockey is one of the oldest games played. The earliest mention of the sport of hockey dates back to 1572, when it was on a list of prohibited games. Hockey's birthplace is believed to be in Asia and authorities credit Persia with having devised it about 2000 BC. People who perfected the game of polo must have known "hockey on the ground" before "hockey on horseback". Certainly though ice hockey originated in Canada. Two theories have surfaced as to who really came up with ice hockey. The first credits English soldiers serving with the Royal Canadian Rifles at Kingston, Ontario. They improvised the game at the rear of their barracks at Tete du Pont, on the iced up harbor on Christmas day in 1855. After sweeping the snow from the ice, the soldiers tied "runners" to their boats and, with borrowed hockey sticks, played a match with an old lacrosse ball. The other theory gives not soldier's credit, but students credit. It tells that G.F. Robertson, of Mcgill University in Montreal first thought of ice hockey. On a visit to Britain in 1879, he had watched a field hockey match and had greatly been intrigued by it. Himself being a skilled ice skater, he wondered if it was at all possible to combine the two sports into one, thereby creating something new and exciting. On his return home, he discussed the idea with a friend and together they worked out a synthesis of hockey and skating, adding for good measure a few football rules. Enjoyment of the game proved so great that from an initial experimental venture, it soon graduated at their college to an invigorating sport of tremendous speed, leading eventually to the formation of the McGill University Hockey Club. The first theory is the one believed to be the right one but no one knows for certain the originator of the game. We do know that the term "Ice Hockey" was the earliest recorded in a game that took place in Montreal. As the Canadians love and knowledge for the game of ice hockey grew, so did the sport. After various problems between teams playing with different rules, McGill University stepped in to set up the rules, thus making ice hockey a sport. The most popular ice hockey league in the world is the National ... ...the goalies in the NHL have always had to evolve along with the game. The position of goaltending has greatly evolved since the formation of the NHL and even before the NHL started. The formation of the NHL in 1917 opened doors for players to show off their skills to the world and make a living, especially the goalies. The equipment that goalies use have evolve to be much lighter, more comfortable, and more aerodynamic since the start of the NHL and will keep enhancing in time. The physical and mental abilities of goaltenders today is much more sharper, stronger, and quicker than what they were in years in the past. The style of play of goalies these days has evolved greatly from the base styles that were set by some of the great goalies in the past. Also, the rule changes that the NHL has set forced goalies to evolve their game to fit the new rules and make the most out of what situations are presented to them. These are all the aspects of the position that have evolved throughout the years in the NHL. Goaltenders today are the most conditioned, sharpest, quickest, and most important piece of a professional hockey team and has all evolved from what goalies in the past have done.

Labor unions

The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 or Wagner act was introduced with the intention to protect the rights of the workers. During this time there were many instances of the harassment of the laborers by the employers. This act ensured the right of the employees to collective bargaining which was necessary for the laborers to bargain with the employers for their rights. In order to enforce this act National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) was created and it was given wide powers to determine the relationship between the employer and the employee. In the light of the fact that the employers were adopting various anti worker policies, this act was successful in protecting the interest of the workers.(Bain, n.d.) This is the main reason for its popularity among the workers who were allowed the right to unionize. The NLRB can be approached by the labor unions with the request to arrange for the secret ballots while forming the labor union. This act gives the laborers the right to bargain with the employers, fight against injustice through strike and lock out.(Bain, n.d.) The employees are also given the option not to indulge in unionization activities. Before forming the unions the NLRB is supposed to be convinced with the fact that a particular labor union would represent the interest of all the employees. The labor union should represent the interest of the laborers who share similar problems and interest. By conducting the operations to establish their own unions, the NLRB was expected to safeguard the interest of the workers.(Bain, n.d.) The employers are also expected to follow the labor law which is controlled by the federal and the state governments. The employees can approach NLRB whenever they find that there are unfair labor practices. Both the employees and employers are not supposed to indulge in unfair labor practices. The employers are expected not to discriminate against the union members while recruiting them and while continuing their service. More often it is found that the management used to hire the workers who were not the members of the labor unions or who did not agree with the ideology of the unions. (Bain, n.d.) When such unfair labor practices occur, the labor unions can approach the NLRB which uses its power to investigate into the allegations of exploitation of the laborers by the employers. The main duty of the NLRB is to maintain the cordial relationship between the workers and the employers. Through this particular act the government attempted to avoid the exploitation of the workers. These sections of the Wagner act satisfied the demands of the workers and naturally they favored this act. NLRB has handled thousands of cases concerning unfair labor practices. These cases show that the Wagner act has succeeded in protecting the interest of the workers. The workers have been able to unionize or not to unionize and they are given the power to go on strikes. Legitimate strikes are supported by the NLRB leading to the protection of the rights of the workers. (Bain, n.d.) Another important labor and management relations act was Taft-Hartley act which was introduced in the year 1947. The anti labor provisions in this act evoked immediate reaction by the labor unions which, obviously, did not like the anti labor clauses in this act. The Taft-Hartley act has many clauses which protect the interest of the employers. The various rights sanctioned by the Wagner act are withdrawn by the Taft-Hartley act. This act restricted the labor union activities such as strikes, picketing, lock out, secondary boycotts and closed shops. The state can prohibit a strike which affected the public health and national security. Using these clauses jurisdictional injunctions could be obtained prohibiting such activities of the labor unions. The states could invoke right-to-work laws which allowed the union members not to participate in the strike.(Wikipedia, 2006) This act also discontinued the closed shops practice which had compelled the employers to provide job security to members of the unions. The power of the laborers to enforce union security clauses have been restricted by this act. The courts are given the power to investigate the financial statements of the unions in order to ensure that all the laborers are provided representation by the unions. The states could approach the courts and obtain injunctions which restricted the rights of the workers to go on strike. Instead of strike, the act encourages the use of other means to bargain with the employers. The workers are required to give 60 days notice to the employers and the mediating agency regarding their activities. The employers can approach the authorities to restrict the activities of the labor unions. The employees also can approach the authorities requesting that they should be allowed to work against the orders of the union. Many states have used these jurisdictional injunctions to restrict the labor union activities. This law has been criticized by the laborers as anti labor. This act also gives the discretionary powers to the President to outlaw a particular strike or lock out declared by the labor unions. These powers have been used by the American presidents to control the labor unions. The unions are also expected to declare that they are not the members of the communist party. The unions are not allowed to give monetary donations to political campaigns and such other political activities. Due to these anti labor clauses, the laborers did not favor this law. (Wikipedia, 2006) The above details show that the laborers liked the provisions of the Wagner act of 1935 while they opposed the provisions of the Taft-Hartley act. Bibliography Bain, Brian. (n.d.). The NLRB: The Wagner Act of 1935. St.francis.edu. Retrieved 17 March 2006 from (2006). Taft-Hartley Act. Wikipedia the free encyclopedia. Retrieved 17 March 2006 from    Labor Unions Labor Union functions as representative of workers in various industries. The roots of labor union are linked to the early history of America in 17th century. The early unions consisted of guilds and carpenters, who even played an important in struggle of independence. By 1820s various unions worked to reduce working hours from 12 to 10 hours.   Labor unions have been set as reaction to protect workers from employers. The need rose due to the arrival of industrialization that developed factory system creating misery and slum among the poor workers. Factories produced massive wealth for few and great misery for many. The workers recognised their power and organised themselves in the shape of unions. Their power grew steadily in the mid 19th century where various trade unions joined together in citywide federation forming National Labor Union (NLU) in 1866. It was due to the persuasion of NLU that congress passed eight-hour working day for in 1873. Labor Union is other countries; such as Belgium, Sweden Finland have centralized unions, where all industries have a specific union and then merge into a large national confederation. Finland is one of the largest labor union in Europe with about 1.2 million members out of 5 million-country populations. There are countries like France where only 10 percent worker form the par of unions. Most of which are normally represented by in main confederation. The Australia Labor movement is historically connected with craft and trade.   Australian current government brought many changes in recent times through Workplace Act 1996 (Fraser, 1974). In 20th century American Labor Union remained important in organisation often revolving around issues such as immigrant rights, trade policy, healthcare, wage campaigns. The post World War I brought wages down and caused major erosion in union membership between 1920 and 1930. National Association of Manufactures played on the fear of Bolsheviks and declared by President John Kirby as â€Å"un-American and illegal†.   And in the following years the demands; such as shorter hours, higher wages, regulation of child labor were seen as anti-American and going towards communism. The employers exploited this situation on the pretext of patriotism and workers had to sign â€Å"yellow dog contract† where a worker had to sign in order to get job with a declaration not to join a union (Card and Alan, 1995). In 1935 John Lewis accounted the creation of CIO (Committee for Industrial Organization), which composed of about a dozen leaders of AFL unions carrying out the efforts of industrial unionism. The Industrial Unions basically organized all kind workers and in short they were the unions of unskilled workers.   CIO did successful campaigns over the next few years and brought the industrial unions to larger sectors of American industry gaining substantial membership. During the World War II CIO worked on the workers problems. In 1955, CIO and AFL merged together and helped in eliminating jurisdictional disputed which labor unions were facing for decades. Instead now unions placed new emphasis on organizing workers in various industries and plants where labor representation did not exist. And in many cases these unions had to cross the barriers of older way of thinking to reach the employees who for decades resisted unions. The labor movement has enormous impact to bring an end to child labor practices, improved conditions and wages for both union and no union workers raising the standard for the whole society. It also supported better education for the workers children enabling the working class to get rid of poverty. And it even brought rights for women for example on average women in UK are still earning lesser than men; but the women who have union membership earn more than non-members women. However this policy seems to work only in developed countries where there are regulations. In countries such as China where workers have lesser freedom do not have the same rights as workers in developed countries (Card and Alan, 1995). Today’s management theories are dealing with, hegemonic and acceptable ways in which communications is used for many tasks inside organization, and also how life in organization affect its workers. Modern organizations are diverse in nature and the working environment is changed. Managers are now facing new problems, such as diversity in workplace, extensive use of technology and stress in workplace (Orakzai, 2006). In modern times Human Resources has emerged as an important part of organization which is   meant to develop and create superior man power for organization The reason for such approach is that superior human resources are hard to replicate and companies like Wal-Mart, Southwest Airlines have invested and nurtured human resources (Satish and David, 1998). Even though there are no unions but HRM practices are applied to develop competitive advantage in recruitment, training, performances and worker empowerment. For firms now there are new challenges such as managing diversity and transformation due to technological change (Nancy and Orlando, 2001). Since 1980s, there seems to have been great shift in power of unions. Before 1980s the labor management was mainly dependent on soft strategy of negotiation in order to settle down the disputes. In the case of disputes firms often used managers to sort out the problem or opted for temporary workers to replace the workers on strike.   Since 1980 there has been hard strategy used by companies such as threat of employment and joblessness that means permanent replacement of workers to prevent strikes (Thomas, 1997). There have been several reasons for such decline; one major reason is employers who keep their business union free. Some of the companies even hired consultants and resorted to legal strategies; while others put workers in management team by appointing them board of director and profit sharing plan. Another reason has been greater number of women and children joining workforce, whose income is as a second income for the family. Most of them are interested in earning money even if it meant lower wages rather than resisting. And the last reasons is union too much success. For many years unions have been fighting for higher wages; which has raised a lot. This success made many unions made products too expensive to be bought by consumers; who prefer cheaper imported foreign products. This trend has raised losses in many industries including many workers losing their jobs leading to decline in power of unions.   And the last reason is the use of technology in workplaces, which require fewer workers to do a lot of work. The traditional reliance on industrial jobs has been lost which used to be stronghold of the white-collar class; all these factors have lead to decline of union in modern organization. Reference: Thomas L Traynor, , (1997).Impact of post-PATCO labor relations on U.S. union wages. The Eastern Economic Journal. Satish P. Deshpande, David J. Flanagan, (1996).Top Management's Perceptions of Changes in HRM . Journal of Small Business Management. Nancy Brown Johnson, Orlando C. Richard, (2001).Understanding the Impact of Human Resource Diversity Practices on Firm Performance . Journal of Managerial Issues. Fraser, W. Hamish , (1974). Trade Unions and Society. Rowman and Little field. Card David, Krueger Alan, (1995). Myth and measurement: The new economics of the minimum wage. Princeton University Press. Orakzai, Tanvir , (July 3, 2006). Organization communication: an analysis. Retrieved July 10, 2006, Web site: http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=11130. Labor Unions The effects of the political nature in Canada has been subject to the influence by the workers through their striking activity. The workers who are the voters have seldom used strikes to change the political system. By its definition, a labor union is an association of persons within a common working outlay which seeks in providing spokesman ship to the members. Legally, labor unions in Canada are duly under recognition as representations of the broad workers from the different industries within Canada. Labor unions in Canada run from public and also private unions.To the Democratic Party in U.S, the activity of labor Unions is an important goal with strict political develop to look after the interest of the workers. (Mirillo, 2001, 54). The purpose of labor unions as per the Democratic Party is to provide a collective bargaining capacity to the workers through the influence of workers mobilization in regard to their individual membership as well as through aspect of collateral coali tions of activist under like-mindedness. (Mirillo, 2001, 67)However, the current political imagery in this state and especially in its two rich provinces Ontario and Alberta has seen the interest of trade unions falling and loosing motivations.   In its private sectors, union membership has been seen to fall by 9%, which is a brutal change since 1932. ((Mirillo, 2001, 72). The conventional purpose of labor unions in Canada has been in the advocating of policies and also legislative authorities which are otherwise favorable to their workers. Through a strong bound by such workers, their active role in policies would seldom be activated.Many of the workers have lost their interest in joining such unions from the effect of the advisory and pronouncements by the political systems which have even led to change by the labor unions. The roles and activities of labor unions in Canada has been a major tool in shaping the political structure of this American State. However, such changes as a result of influence by the political image have never been to the positive side.These are tools that seek to provide workers’ disadvantages in terms of poor and unfriendly working conditions, low levels of wage rates above other fundamental effects on the workers at their work. Various political images such as the prevention of companies for non-union in taking various significant in the Canadian market share is a trend towards loss in the rights of such unions. At the political conquest, labor unions are important tools in policies which is basically achieved through members mobilization as well as general coalitions with organizations of such like mindedness.The American labor unions are absorbed in two basic organizations; The America Federation of Labor Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) as well as Congress of Industrial Organizations. The basic role of these two organizations is in advocating legislations and also policies that provide worker motivation. (M irillo, 2001, 72)The changing political dimension and legal framework of the labor unions have seen their membership continue to decline since 1983. Through exorbitant mobilization of trade unions by workers in Ontario and Alberta, the political imagery has been shaped in its focus. Due to the breach of the fundamental conceptions and rights at their work, various jurisdictional strikes have however been seen in Canada. In Canada, the use of jurisdiction is an important phenomenon as a claim of representation for workers in performance of specific works.This is an attribute in relation to their personal right for such work performance of the members within a certain trade /labor union. Worker strikes have recently increased in the state which are basically concerted refusals in the performance of specific work by the members of a certain labor union. This is a disputation to the job assigned to them which occurs as protest to such assignments and develop as disputes in correspondenc e to the terms and conditions of their employment contracts. (Jessica, Samuel, 2006, 1)However, the question of the fundamentality in labor strikes remains debatable of whether good or bad. However, depending on the nature of their results and the effects to the broad organizations impact and the society, different labor strikes in the Ontario and also Alberta can be supported or not.At personal level, such strikes act as hinge parameters with which their responses can adequately be looked upon to provide a more concentrated satisfaction at their work places.   Generally, the various poor conditions at work are in response to the fundamental influence of the political imagery which have changed the system labor laws and provided a scope for less effective labor instruments at work. In Canada generally, a broad political imagery have acted to shape the manner in which the basics of labor laws have been formulated.Labor strikes therefore act as the most appropriate tools with which the collective bargaining powers of their unions can move adequately to be featured by their employers and the government legal framework. Corresponding perhaps to Ontario and Alberta which happens to be the two richest provinces in Canada, many union strikes have been felt across the board as workers seek to fight for more dispensable adequate working conditions. The mobilization efforts by striking works have acted adequately in shaping the nature of the political structure in the state. (Stanely, 1999, 11)  Preferentially, labor union strike in Canada has been a defense mechanism in support for the complimentary provision of the basic condition while at work. In the event of the compromise to these provisions at work, the workers should have a full pledge of legal authority which provides them due rights in their striking autonomy. The basic intention of their formation at personal capacities in work is bargaining collectively. Though the federal legal autonomy provides for suc h representation, the current political system in Ontario and Alberta seeks to compromise the holistic development into their contemporaries.Such strikes are basic tools with which the roles and provisions of such workers at their workplaces can be provided for adequately. The main objective of the labor strikes is to seek provision for adequate standards in their labor force at work which may have been compromised by the nature of changing political ideologies to provide inadequate employment jurisdiction. However, through their collective bargaining by striking, the political system through its by-laws on labor has adequately been changed to focus more on a better political weapon which addresses their requirements.Generally, the role of labor strikes is to promote a leeway in safeguarding the interest of the workers which may have been breached in the due process of change in the labor laws by the Federal system. According to the recent research by the Canadian Bureau of Statisti cs, the legal framework has had various developments that seek to monitor the changes and the response to the employee and labor relations providing the various legal foundations.Among such developments have been the results achieved through striking workers. (Michael, 2003, 32) However, according to researches by various human activists movements on labor laws, such legal developments have only acted to provide disadvantages to the workers at their places of work. Consequently, such disadvantages have acted to lower the standards of living for such workers above providing various poor working conditions and terms of the workers at their places of work. (Michael, 2003, 5)Despite the great wealth in the two provinces whose development is from the human capital provided by the workers, the workers continue to be faced with inadequate conditions at work which compromise their status of living. Such poor conditions of work have been adequately brutal both to their physical health and al so their status of living. In response to this, the argument behind the workers union in the regions is argumentable in a supportive periphery. Either, the right to strike should be provided with the due protection by the federal legal system. (Stanely, 1999, 9)Therefore labor strikes have been seen as the basic and fundamental tool with which such workers representatives can strive for a restoration in the adequate terms and conditions at their work place. This is through creating an advocacy in the political will to accommodate better laws on labor. The same has been evident through new developments in political imagery in Canada which safeguards the interest of the workers. The concept of workers strike is allied to the rights to strike. (David, 1997, 3)These are the basic legal foundations and framework that provide the most adequate provision within which such workers should strike. Such rights to strike imply the autonomy with which the unions should exercise their powers in c rave for jurisdictional authorities. They are aimed at providing a coherent foundation in ensuring that the legal development from the statutory Canadian laws does not seek to provide disadvantages.Unions rights to strike is otherwise the mobilization framework bestowed to the unions to participate in the request of adequacy in conditions of work and also terms through partial withdrawal from the work without any threats and fear of any form of intimidation either from the employers or the Canadian legal framework. In the lieu of erosion of the workers sovereignty, the coherent legal framework through the political capacity should perhaps help to provide a stronger dimension within which the states of the labor rights at work and to strike should be restored. (David, 1997, 1)By their nature, labor unions are established as representations of their workers in an organization. Through their collective bargaining, they help to develop the collective strength in the workers which would partially be powerless at individual capacity. Due to the political changes and orientations, labor laws have been changed to provide comparative disadvantages of the workers at their working levels. Due to the fundamentality of the respective reasons behind union strikes by the workers, the right to strikes should be adequately supported. Such rights provide a legal foundation and a basic of support with which the striking activity is formalized without any fear of negative implication of the job loss and accusations by the legal framework. (David, 1997, 1)Basically, strikes involve stoppages of coming to their working places by the workers. Through their mobilization efforts in Ontario and Alberta, the nature of the labor laws have been changed to provide adequate legal articles for the workers. The political shape has also been depended on the effects of various labor strikes since 1980. (Joseph, 1995, 3)Through workers strikes, the organizations are provided with comparative dis advantages in the market through the high loss implications which they undergo from the loss in activity by their organizations. However, the legal foundation of the strike is that it serves as an appropriate weapon with which the adequate working conditions for the workers can be provided. Such strikes are mere protests against the controversial conditions of work by their employees.This has been seen as a creative developed in Canada following labor strikes. Elsewhere, labor strike is a formal impact in which the worker unanimously seek to pledge the reinstatement in the breach of contract between them and their employers. Due to the formality of such strikes, their impact and influence should therefore be safeguarded by the interest of well defined rights that seek to create the most appropriate conditions and standards of their striking workers.However, the historical development of labor strikes in long trailing and its impulse increasingly developing in the recent years. Gener ally however, great logical response allied to the factor of humanity should support such strikes. Since the main role of labor unions is to provide a bargaining power in the adequacy of their conditions at work, the role of union’s strikes is an important complement in defining the scope of their success in such favorable working conditions.In the America since 1930’s, the political system have stood to create various labor laws that provide disadvantages to the workers in terms of conditions and wages at work. (Daniel, 1998, 43). Such labor laws have worked to weaken the strength and force of the labor unions. To the workers, the same has been seen as a betrayal by the government laws. However, through various labor strikes in Canada, such has been changed.This has been  Ã‚   a big threat towards employees derecognition by the employers in terms of the preferential basics in employment contracts. The epochs to such erosion on the employee sovereignty at work is thr ough the provision of various rights of negotiation by the workers for their support in the most adequate working conditions. The capacity to undergo strike is a fundamental interception in providing a tool for the support in recognition of the basic sediments of providing compliance to their working conditions by their employers. (Daniel, 1998, 45)In Ontario and Alberta however, the rights by the workers to strike is highly developed and seeks to provide an environment with which the correct employment measures to the workers by their employer are in conflicting interests. Within the private sector, rights to strike are provided by the NLRA. Legal rights to strike are implements in Canada which seeks to fight the negative implication of workers while on strike. This is in search of preventing any causal penalties of monetary capacity or other job threats that may be imposed by the employers and also the Federal laws.This is also a tool for the challenge on the different conditions that may compromise the status of the workers in undergoing a strike. Since the basic implication of labor unions is to provide a bargaining power to the employees, their move to strike is a basic formal response to the inadequacy in the employment contracts imposed by the employers. However, since any strike is allied to various losses and operational disadvantages of a preferential capacity, the move to strike by the workers may be compounded by rigid statutory implications and pronouncements by the employers which may hitherto comromise the state of their striking condition.Basically therefore, right to strike comes in as a basic tool which seeks to safeguard the interest of the striking workers against the impact of such unfavourable and threat conditions from the employers. The call for union strikes should therefore be responded by various legal rights that seek to authenticate their job boycott activity. Strike voting by the members should be provided with a subject of a broa d image of legal rights.The basic entitlement of workers in there working places is adequate and good conditions with which they can dispense their activity.   Through the political activity of the workers association in striking, political developments in Canada have been changed to create better forms of labor laws. Also, the political nature of the country has also been shaped by the effect of the striking workers. The legal entitlement to collective bargaining power by the workers are such as wages, working periods and hours as well as other employment terms and conditions.According to the provisions of the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), Labor strike is only limited to the preferential parameters that operate within employee relation. These parameters are to safeguard upon the statutory foundations of the laws and rights within which the tool of labor strike should operate in. Since the statutory foundations are used to provide a formal conservation in the rights to st rike by the workers, any explicit as well as implicit accords of negative subjectivism by the employers is provided and captured within the fundamental scope of the employer to employee relationship. (Joseph, 1995, 1)The solution for resolving the conflict between the employers and the workers union should primarily be in good faith in the short run. However, if the same resolution has failed, legal impasse occurs with which the legal statutes seek to provide interventions between the components. Like the rule of the game, the win and win situation between the two components gives way for  Ã‚   legal statutes of rights to strike by the workers to become operational. (Edward, 2002, 4)Generally, a mediation intercept seeks to rationalize the fundamental inadequacy between the employees and their employers to impact of a failing mediation provides for legal disputation through workers strike for the workers to operate.   This has been evident in Ontario and Alberta. Like other bill s of human rights, the right to strike by the employees to their employers should be formalized. Such rights provide a comprehension of the legal framework support for the move to retract of their faded legal empowerment and conditions of work. Such rights seek to provide the most adequate safeguard to the negative implication which may compound loss in job as well as statutory compensation to their organization for the losses occurred during their striking period.From the compulsive changes in the labor laws by the Canadian state legal system, the basic disadvantages that develop from the consequences of the negatively impacting legal framework can be provided for. This is in fight by stringent parameter in the scope of strikes by the workers in their crave for the most adequate working conditions.With the decreasing membership of persons to labor unions, the declining legal protection to such workers in the striking  Ã‚   activity should adequately be developed. However, the pol itical dispensation has grown to provide a base in the support for the actions levied on a collective support of the unions. This is a big indicator in rationalizing the level of liberal society within the Canada. However, the recent trend in the labor striking is seldom reducing from the impacts of the eroded implications of the individual rights to strike while at work. (Edward, 2002, 1)The question of striking has changed its notion from the broad outlook within Canada from constitutional fundamentality to being on the commercial relationship. The eroded sovereignty in labor strikes should be upgraded as a support to provide better contractual relationship between workers and their employers. Generally therefore, the support for the rights to strike is seldom a tool for supporting the move towards fighting for lucrative workplace efficiencies by the workers from their employers.Such striking rights acts as the basic support which is used to safeguard the preferential negative imp lications which may hitherto develop from the move to fighting for the lucrative fundamentals in their working places. (David, 1997, 1)The rights to strike should be fundamental across the globe where the higher levels of worker productivity would also be achieved through the effects of worker motivation. The same has been adequately achieved through mobilization efforts by the workers in Canada. Through the comparative legality to undertaking workers strikes, the expressions of the workers would be fed to even more consequential autonomy. The will and requirements would be brought out as a basic advantage to both their personal interest and their employers.Work cited.Edward Wolf. Working in America: A Blueprint for the New Labor Market. Southern Economic Journal, Vol. 69, 2002Daniel Jacoby. Laboring for Freedom: A New Look at the History of Labor in America. M.E Sharpe, 1998David Bonior. Unions in the Twenty-First Century. Challenge, Vol.40, 1997Jessica Rosenberg & Samuel Rosenberg . Do Unions Matter? An Examination of the Historical and Contemporary Rule of Labor Unions in the Social Work Profession. Social Work, Vol. 51, 2006Joseph Mosca. Unions in the 21st Century. Public Personal Management, Vol. 24, 1995Mirillo Maria. Labor Unions, Partisan Coalitions and Market Reforms in Latin America. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press, 2001Stanley Sudman. Laboring for Freedom: A New Look at the History of Labor in America. Monthly Labor Review, Vol. 122, 1999

Professionalism Essay Example

Professionalism Essay Example Professionalism Essay Professionalism Essay Over the last two hundred years nursing has changed on so dramatically In so many ways. While I was researching for this paper I had a hard time choosing Just five changes but I did narrow it down to: job duties, public image, education standards, nurse patient ratios, and technology. Job duties: This one I found so very interesting; we have come so far. Nurses were first known as handmaidens. Their role was limited to doing exactly what the doctor told them. Typical duties included: cleaning of the patients areas, sweep/mop floors, making beds, laundry, giving patients food, help patients in/out of bed, and occasionally help with bandages. Nurses in the sasss were a lot like a maid In my opinion. Today nurses are a lot more Involved in the patients actual care. The nurses duties include assessments, development of a nursing plan, patient/family teaching, medication education, and many other hands on duties. Nurses are given a lot of responsibility today, they are no longer the doctors handmaiden. Public Image: The public Image of a nurse has changed, In my pollen, for the better In recent years. From all the reading I did while researching for this paper it almost sounded as if this was a job that woman who could find a husband would have, or maybe Just until they found a husband. If fact, for many years nurses were not allowed to be married or have children as it was thought these would be a distraction. Nursing has become a highly respected profession today. Nurses are viewed as more than the doctors handmaiden by society. Nurses are highly educated professional who advocate for their patients. According to Gallup poll, nursing has been rated the number 1 for honesty and ethical standards for the 1 lath year in a row. Education Standards: In the sasss medical training throughout the United States was still largely through apprenticeships. In 1860, Florence Nightingale founded the first professional nurse training school in England. I think this was the start for the push in the united States as well. Dorothy Dixie fought for women to be allowed to treat men during the Civil War. At first there were certain parameters, but those soon went by the wayside as the need for nurses increased. Throughout this time the education required was increasing as well. In 1873, the first educational programs for nurses in the United States were established in New York, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. The education requirements today are much higher. Some employers will accept two year degree but more and more a moving to require a four year degree. These degrees are meant to make sure the nurse Is well educated In many areas. Nurses now are expected to now when an order, medication, or dosage Is wrong and be able to effectively communicate that with the doctor to ensure the patient receives the best possible care. Nurse to Patient ratio: Until ten very late Into ten early z nurse to patient orators were completely unregulated. Only thirteen states currently have legislation about staffing ratios and those laws are very vague. Nurse to patient ratios are important for so many reasons. A few of those reasons are safety for the patient as well as the nurse, quality of care given to the patient and patient satisfaction. Technology: Technology has changed the face of nursing dramatically. Gone are the days of black and red pens, along with paper orders and written MARs. Patients are assigned a MR. (medical record number); this number will bring up all of their medical records that are within that specific health system. If a patient signs the Care Everywhere consent, certain health systems can link to each other. This technology gives providers a greater look into the patients history. This is Just a small touch on the many ways nursing has changed in the last two hundred years.

Global Warming Is a Myth

Global Warming Is a Myth A free sample essay on global warming issues. There’s been a very piercing, but vital  argument  over global warming over the past few decades. As a matter of fact, this topic has become as common as Aristotle’s chicken and egg debate. Moreover, the question surrounding climatological conditions and global warming is a matter of valuation according to many international politicians and laymen philosophies. This isn’t a surreptitious subject, the weather conditions in the United States alone have seen a significate shift. Up till now,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Why is this happening?† Global warming and greenhouse effects have been monitored very closely for many years. As technologies have progressed, so has the ability to understand this age old event which has impacted the earth for hundreds of years. From the â€Å"save the earth movements† of the 80’s back to the famous Bio Domes of Henry-John Deutschendorf Jr. (John Denver a Popular American Singer), we are still sifting through the raw data of this event. Consequently, this is still a boundless deliberation that has remained to be unrequited. Existing Belief Systems on Global Warming One of the central reasons behind the debate of global warming is variances of belief systems. This indeed affects the way this â€Å"real† issue is perceived. For instance, within the political realms of the United States, there are varying belief systems. Yet, despite what many could personally reason there is a strong evidence that supports current changes. This can be exemplified within the documental film Al Gore has supported titled â€Å"An Inconvenient-Truth (2006)†. Furthermore, the United States Environmental Protection-Agency (EPA) recognizes the effects of global warming and climate change upon water resources. One of the key states in the U.S impacted by extreme drought and global warming is California. One of the most famous instances of climate change is the transformation of the Sahara Desert. The Sahara was once a rich, fertile and green area. Due to climate change and global warming, studies suggest the region may return to its lush magnificence. It is important to remember that global warming has affected the polar icecaps. The consequences of the icecaps melting can be seen in areas such as Alaska USA. RAINFOREST DESTRUCTION Aftermath Consequences Numerous studies show the possible aftermath that can happen internationally due to global warming. The consequences scientists perceive to be accurate show many detrimental effects. One of the most common issues that is being monitored incorporates changes of the ecological systems worldwide and local areas in the USA. Technologies such as sonar and monitoring sea levels are not excluded. Global warming has a keen impact on wildlife and their survival as well. A brilliant example of this can be seen in the Alaskan wilderness. Polar bears strongly depend on cooler temperatures, and this includes extended submarine species in the region. Global warming causes a shift in weather and the way individuals survive worldwide. This is as aforementioned exemplified by the droughts in California and other regions in the United States. If the water supplies are dampened due to global warming, this affects the food supplies to an entire nation. Additionally, the domino effect has the potential o f being intensified in the near future. Global warming disturbs the weather, ecosystem, and wildlife. Congruently, it can affect economic systems and this includes farmers. For example, if global warming continues due to preventable actions it can affect import and export systems internationally. This is especially true of the agricultural aspects in the U.S. Global warming and climate change are tough issues. However, Is it a definite myth? The evidence can be clearly seen and experienced by many individuals on a daily basis. There has been and currently is quantifiable evidence of global warming being a true fact. Despite few scientific comminutes that have not found sufficient evidence, the tangible proof is clear. Global warming affects millions of lives every day. This includes both micro and macro premises that are connected to this issue.

Competitive and internal information Essays

Competitive and internal information Essays Competitive and internal information Essay Competitive and internal information Essay Write an essay on the typical chief beginnings of concern information generated both internally and externally for public companies. How is such information used to set up a company’s topographic point in the market? Illustrate your reply with illustrations from one or more concern sectors of your pick. INTRODUCTION Information consists of informations that have been retrieved. processed. or used for enlightening intents. statement or as a footing for prediction or determination devising. Without information. a concern can non last. A formula for a good determination is 90 per centum information and 10 per centum inspiration. Information is the accelerator of direction and the ingredient that coalesces the managerial maps of planning. runing commanding. Directors depend on information for doing determinations. Any organisation is held together by the ownership of agencies for the acquisition. usage. keeping and transmittal of information. The intent of direction system is to develop programs for accomplishing aims. to form for implementing program and to command public presentation so that programs and actions occur on agenda. The topographic point of information in executing these three footing processes is shown in the followers. MANAGEMENT PROCESS AND INFORMATION NEED 1 ) Performance against program 2 ) Environmental. Competitive and internal information concurring job and chances. Evaluation of 1 and 2 in order to Make a anticipation of estimation of Alternative classs of action Alternative beginning. Prediction of consequences for alternate Courses of action. Communicate inside informations of program and Control criterions. Performance against PK In the above figure for information demands 1 ) In the the first measure. acknowledgment of job or an chance is prompted by information from the control procedure refering a divergence from criterion or by hunt and rating of those system ( environmental. competitory. Internal ) 2 ) Definition of job. finding and rating of alternate class of action. 3 ) Once a determination is made. it is necessary to implement and command a solution. Among the above stairss. be aftering information demands of an organisation can be classified into three wide types. 1 ) Environmental 2 ) Competitive 3 ) Internal 1 ) Environmental information It can be classified as ( A ) Political and Government consideration Some information on political stableness is of import for calculating programs. ( B ) Demographic and Social trends Some information is necessary to calculate the Social Trends and consumer purchasing behaviour for both the long and short tally. ( C ) Economic Trends. Employment. Productivity and numbers other economic indexs provide valuable planning information for the houses whose end product is a map of these of import variables ( D ) Technological environment Some information is necessary to calculate the technological alterations in their industry and likely consequence on the house. ( 2 ) Competitive information. Information refering factors that affects the operation of the house within an industry includes informations refering industry and steadfast demand every bit good as the information on the rivals. The information can be classified into three types. They are ( a ) Industry Demand. Information is needed for calculating the demand for the Sale and the corresponding degree of operation of a individual house. ( B ) Firm Demand The demand for merchandises of an single house is a map of the Industry demand and the capablenesss and activities of the single house relation to the capablenesss and action of viing houses. ( degree Celsius ) Competition Data on viing houses are really of import for calculating the single demand and doing determinations and programs to accomplish the prognosis. ( 3 ) Internal information They are critical for subordinate planning at all degrees in the organisation. Internal informations are aimed at an designation of the organization’s strength and failing. . The types of internal information are ( A ) Gross saless prognosis: Some information is necessary for calculating the Gross saless. ( B ) The fiscal program It is the system that links all activities of the company together. ( C ) Policies Some information is necessary to border the footing policies for long tally purpose. Data and information come from many beginnings – both internal ( inside the concern ) and external. This alteration note summarizes the chief beginnings: Business informations and information comes from multiple beginnings. The challenge for a concern is to gaining control and usage information that is relevant and dependable. The chief beginnings are: INTERNAL INFORMATION Accounting records are a premier beginning of internal information. They detail the minutess of the concern in the yesteryear – which may be used as the footing for be aftering for the hereafter ( e. g. fixing a fiscal budget or prognosis ) . The accounting records are chiefly used to enter what happens to the fiscal resources of a concern. For illustration. how hard currency is obtained and spent ; what assets are acquired ; what net incomes or losingss are made on the activities of the concern. However. accounting records can supply much more than fiscal information. For illustration. inside informations of the merchandises manufactured and delivered from a mill can supply utile information about whether quality criterions are being met. Data analyzed from client gross revenues bills provides a profile of what and to whom merchandises are being sold. A batch of internal information is connected to accounting systems – but is non straight portion of them. For illustration: – Records of the people employed by the concern ( personal inside informations ; what they get paid ; accomplishments and experience ; preparation records ) – Data on the costs associated with concern procedures ( e. g. costings for contracts entered into by the concern ) – Data from the production section ( e. g. figure of machines ; capacity ; fix record ) – Data from activities in direct contact with the client ( e. g. analysis of calls received and missed in a call Centre ) A batch of internal information is besides provided informally. For illustration. regular meetings of staff and direction will ensue in the communicating of relevant information. SAMPLE SOURCES OF INTERNAL INFORMATION: Balance Sheet of ICICI PERIOD ENDING 31-Mar-00 Assets Current Assets Cash And Cash Equivalents 1. 479. 000 Short Term Investments – Net Receivables 194. 000 Inventory – Other Current Assets – Total Current Assets – Long Term Investments 1. 185. 000 Property Plant and Equipment 48. 000 Goodwill – Intangible Assets – Accumulated Amortization – Other Assets 81. 000 Deferred Long Term Asset Charges – Total Assets 2. 987. 000 Liabilities Current Liabilities Accounts Payable – Short/Current Long Term Debt – Other Current Liabilities 2. 454. 000 Entire Current Liabilities – Long Term Debt 57. 000 Other Liabilitiess 215. 000 Deferred Long Term Liability Charges – Minority Interest – Negative Goodwill – Total Liabilities 2. 726. 000 Stockholders’ Equity Misc Stocks Options Warrants – Redeemable Preferred Stock – Preferred Stock – Common Stock 45. 000 Retained Net incomes 44. 000 Treasury Stock – Capital Surplus 171. 000 Other Stockholder Equity 1. 000 Entire Stockholder Equity 261. 000 Net Tangible Assets $ 261. 000 Beginning: Yokel Finance Stock motion of I-Flex solutions Series Date Prev Close Open Price High Price Low Price Last Price Close Price Total Traded Quantity Turnover in Lacs EQ 03-Mar-2008 1. 078. 95 1. 037. 00 1. 080. 00 1. 020. 00 1. 029. 90 1. 042. 55 17954 190. 31 EQ 04-Mar-2008 1. 042. 55 1. 020. 00 1. 075. 00 1. 017. 00 1. 047. 65 1. 048. 25 36723 382. 44 EQ 05-Mar-2008 1. 048. 25 1. 070. 00 1. 070. 00 1. 030. 15 1. 045. 00 1. 039. 20 22219 231. 63 EQ 07-Mar-2008 1. 039. 20 1. 021. 00 1. 032. 00 983. 00 1. 004. 95 1. 001. 50 22103 220. 45 EQ 10-Mar-2008 1. 001. 50 955. 00 1. 040. 00 946. 40 1. 005. 00 1. 015. 50 19099 192. 55 EQ 11-Mar-2008 1. 015. 50 992. 50 1. 065. 00 992. 50 1. 045. 00 1. 054. 65 21805 226. 22 EQ 12-Mar-2008 1. 054. 65 1. 100. 00 1. 100. 00 1. 000. 00 1. 004. 00 1. 007. 45 13398 139. 14 EQ 13-Mar-2008 1. 007. 45 987. 05 1. 010. 00 952. 00 954. 00 959. 10 15931 155. 65 EQ 14-Mar-2008 959. 10 962. 00 992. 00 920. 00 990. 00 983. 15 21685 210. 01 EQ 17-Mar-2008 983. 15 925. 00 970. 00 925. 00 965. 00 942. 95 12307 116. 99 EQ 18-Mar-2008 942. 95 931. 00 958. 50 925. 10 927. 00 936. 50 21230 200. 13 EQ 19-Mar-2008 936. 50 970. 00 978. 00 922. 00 925. 00 925. 55 21245 199. 40 EQ 24-Mar-2008 925. 55 948. 00 950. 00 895. 00 905. 00 908. 25 21626 197. 55 EQ 25-Mar-2008 908. 25 913. 50 1. 008. 00 913. 50 990. 10 992. 55 58576 571. 10 EQ 26-Mar-2008 992. 55 988. 90 1. 027. 00 974. 00 974. 00 986. 85 33402 335. 28 EQ 27-Mar-2008 986. 85 975. 00 1. 003. 00 935. 00 951. 05 947. 10 118566 1. 140. 60 EQ 28-Mar-2008 947. 10 970. 00 994. 00 956. 00 976. 00 984. 40 21658 210. 89 EQ 31-Mar-2008 984. 40 970. 25 985. 00 935. 00 948. 20 941. 10 39622 376. 60 Beginning: NSEINDIA EXTERNAL INFORMATION As the term implies. this is information that is obtained from outside the concern. There are several classs of external information: – Information associating to manner a concern should set about its activities E. g. concerns need to maintain records so that they can roll up revenue enhancements on behalf of the authorities. So a concern needs to obtain regular information about the revenue enhancement system ( e. g. PAYE. VAT. Corporation Tax ) and what actions it needs to take. Increasingly this sort of information ( and the return forms a concern needs to direct ) is provided in digital format. Similarly. a concern needs to be cognizant of cardinal legal countries ( e. g. environmental statute law ; wellness A ; safety ordinance ; employment jurisprudence ) . There is a whole publication industry devoted to selling this sort of information to concerns. – Information about the markets in which a concern operates This sort of external information is critically of import to a concern. It is frequently referred to as market or competitive intelligence . Most of the external information that a concern demands can be obtained from marketing research. Marketing research can assist a concern do one or more of the followers: 1. Derive a more elaborate apprehension of consumers’ demands – marketing research can assist houses to detect consumers’ sentiments on a immense scope of issues. e. g. . positions on products’ monetary values. packaging. recent advertisement runs 2. Reduce the hazard of product/business failure – there is no warrant that any new thought will be a commercial success. but accurate and up-to-date information on the market can assist a concern brand informed determinations. hopefully taking to merchandises that consumers want in sufficient Numberss to accomplish commercial success. 3. Forecast future tendencies – marketing research can non merely supply information sing the current province of the market but it can besides be used to expect client demands future client demands. Firms can so do the necessary accommodations to their merchandise portfolios and degrees of end product in order to stay successful. The information for marketing research tends to come from three chief beginnings: Internal Company Information – e. g. gross revenues. orders. client profiles. stocks. client service studies Marketing intelligence – this is a catch-all term to include all the mundane information about developments in the market that helps a concern prepare and set its selling programs. It can be obtained from many beginnings. including providers. clients and distributers. It is besides possible to purchase intelligence information from outside providers ( e. g. Mintel. Dun and Bradstreet ) who will bring forth commercial intelligence studies that can be sold productively to any interested organisation. Market Research – bing informations from internal beginnings may non supply sufficient item. Similarly. published studies from market intelligence organisations can non ever be relied upon to supply the up-to-date. relevant information required. In these fortunes. a concern may necessitate to committee specific surveies in order to get the information required to back up their selling scheme. – hypertext transfer protocol: //tutor2u. net/business/ict/intro_information_sources. htm SOURCES OF BUSINESS INFORMATION Details of following types of organisations are required to be maintained by NCTI for steering entrepreneurs/exporters to near to the right organisation for acquiring the desired information. aid and aid. Foreign Embassies/High Commissions/Consulate in India Indian Missions/Consulate abroad Chambers of Commerce A ; Industry Trade Promotion /Import Promotion Organizations Export Inspection Agencies Export Processing Zones in India and Abroad Details of these organisations are readily available with NCTI. – hypertext transfer protocol: //archives. nic. in/ncti/ncti8. htm SAMPLE SOURCES OF EXTERNAL INFORMATION: AMR Research Releases ERP Market Report Showing Overall Market Growth of 14 % in 2004. Tuesday. June 14. 2005. Kevin Reilly As Market Consolidation Continues. Top 5 ERP Vendors Account for 72 % of Gross Today. AMR Research released its one-year study on the province of the Enterprise Resource Planning ( ERP ) market. The Market Analytix Report: Enterprise Resource Planning. 2004-2009 revealed that ERP market grosss increased 14 % in 2004. The study indicates that about tierce of the growing in the overall market was due to fluctuations in currency exchange rates. While the ERP market has grown in gross. consolidation continues to alter the industry. In 1999. the top five sellers ( J. D. Edwards. Baan. Oracle. PeopleSoft. and SAP ) in the ERP market accounted for 59 % of the industry’s gross. AMR Research expects the top five sellers in 2005 ( SAP. Oracle. Sage Group. Microsoft. and SSA Global ) to account for 72 % of ERP vendors’ entire gross. The ERP market showed solid organic growing in 2004 as IT disbursement improved. says Jim Shepherd. frailty president of research at AMR Research. The market was besides affected by consolidation within the section. every bit good as ERP sellers geting best-of-breed participants to broaden their portfolios. While many ERP sellers struggled in 2004. SAP AG increased overall grosss by 17 % and licence grosss by 20 % – without any acquisitions. SAP’s ERP market portion increased to more than 40 % . Oracle about doubled the size of its application concern through the acquisition of PeopleSoft. but AMR Research expects SAP to complete 2005 with more than twice the gross and market portion of the combined Oracle-PeopleSoft. Report Findings and Analysis The study delivers gross and growing rates for the top ERP participants every bit good as growing prognosiss through 2009. ERP sellers ranked by 2004 ERP licence gross can be seen in the chart below. The top 10 ERP sellers by gross include the undermentioned companies: The study revealed several tendencies that affected the ERP market in 2004. including: The ERP market is come ining another major engineering passage stage. Service Oriented Architectures ( SOA ) may hold the same riotous consequence that other engineerings have had on the market. such as the outgrowth of client-server systems had in the 1990’s. The gait of acquisitions shows no mark of decelerating down. Oracle’s purchase of Retek and sellers like Sage Group. SSA Global. Infor Global Solutions. and Epicor have all been really active in the M A ; A infinite and have grown more quickly than the overall ERP market. The midrange ( $ 50M – $ 1B in one-year gross ) and SMB ( less than $ 50M in one-year gross ) markets continue to be a major focal point country for many of the ERP sellers. Midrange solutions and channels are critically of import for perforating China. India. Eastern Europe. and Latin America. ERP purchasers have moved off from big. upfront purchases. Now most tend to licence user seats and functional ERP faculties incrementally as they deploy a merchandise. Along with widespread discounting. this has led to smaller mean trade sizes. BANK’S REPORT BY FDIC Dollar Sums in Billions Fourth One-fourth 2007 All Insured Institutions Commercial Banks Savings Institutions Credit Card Lenders Mortgage Lenders Number of FDIC-Insured 8. 533 7. 282 1. 251 27 786 Number of FDIC-Supervised 5. 197 4. 772 425 10 317 Entire Assets $ 13. 039 11. 176 1. 863 479 1. 334 Entire Loans $ 7. 906 6. 626 1. 280 369 944 Domestic Deposits $ 6. 912 5. 807 1. 105 142 737 Net Income ( QTR ) $ 5. 816 10. 540 -4. 724 3. 027 -3. 230 Percent Profitable ( QTR ) % 82. 3 83. 2 77. 0 88. 9 79. 1 Average Return on Assets ( QTR ) % 0. 18 0. 38 -1. 00 2. 61 -0. 94 Average Return on Equity ( QTR ) % 1. 74 3. 76 -8. 70 11. 96 -10. 51 Net Interest Margin ( QTR ) % 3. 30 3. 38 2. 86 8. 97 2. 52 Equity to Assets % 10. 37 10. 24 11. 17 21. 26 8. 61 Noncurrent Loan Rate – Total Loans * % 1. 39 1. 30 1. 86 2. 00 1. 87 Real Estate Loans % 1. 71 1. 62 2. 01 1. 81 1. 94 C A ; I Loans % 0. 66 0. 64 0. 92 2. 21 0. 88 Consumer Loans % 1. 43 1. 48 0. 98 2. 10 0. 96 Coverage Ratio ** % 92. 54 102. 84 55. 35 207. 47 45. 74 Net Charge-Off Rate – All Loans ( QTR ) % 0. 83 0. 86 0. 68 4. 23 0. 66 Real Estate Loans ( QTR ) % 0. 44 0. 43 0. 49 2. 61 0. 54 C A ; I Loans ( QTR ) % 0. 87 0. 85 1. 24 5. 13 1. 35 Consumer Loans ( QTR ) % 2. 75 2. 77 2. 54 4. 39 3. 16 Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. fdic. gov/bank/statistical/stats/2007dec/industry. hypertext markup language REFERENCES? James O’ Brien. Management Information system. Tata Mcgraw Hill. 2007. Pg. 245-267. ? AMR Research Releases ERP Market Report Showing Overall Market Growth of 14 % in 2004. Tuesday. June 14. 2005 Kevin Reilly? Yahoo Finance? World Wide Web. nseindia. com? hypertext transfer protocol: //archives. nic. in/ncti/ncti8. htm? hypertext transfer protocol: //tutor2u. net/business/ict/intro_information_sources. htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www. fdic. gov/bank/statistical/stats/2007dec/industry. hypertext markup language

Week 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 4 - Assignment Example The simulator is best controlled by a good quality joystick (777 Studios, 2013). While one is using the combat flight simulator, he/she is presented with beautiful sceneries that have been well designed using the modern graphics. The scene simulates different environmental conditions including snow like conditions and rainfall simulation. One among the best features of the game is its ability to be adjusted extensively to accommodate a learning flyer. These include such things as enabling autopilot, not running out of fuel, and not running out of ammunition. The game is equipped with a variety of planes for the user to choose from. Furthermore, the game has been designed to support multiplayer community. And this enables the user to play against or with his/her colleagues. Lastly the planes in the game have been equipped with realistic features that simulates extreme and exact real world scenarios. Despite the above stated advantageous features of the combat simulator, there are several disadvantages associated with the game. Firstly, learning to play the game is hard. The game has got deep learning curve thus it discourages users. Also, the game is highly dependent on modern graphics that has enough memory, this implies some of the features of the game can’t be enjoyed on PC’s that have less graphics memory. For a software developer, there are various standards that he/she must work within. First, any software developer must work consistently with the interest of the public. Secondly, the work of any software engineer must be to the best interest of his/her employers and clients. The engineer while undertaking his task must make efforts to ensure all his products present the highest quality standard possible. Also, when carrying out judgement, engineers must ensure they are not biased in their judgement. The decision must be independent and maintain integrity. Lastly, the engineer must be supportive and show fairness to his/her workmates. The

New Mexico and the American West Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

New Mexico and the American West - Assignment Example As such the major goal was supply water to the cities and the farms. Notably the Colorado River water was diverted to phoenix. The fourth stage involved the analysis of water issues concerning storage. This happened from 1998 to the present day. As such, conservation of water, removal of Glen canyon dam, climatic changes as well as finding a future water hole were brought in the limelight. Colorado River basin project offered a much more diversified approach in balancing the local and imported water resource developments with the increased demand for the side management required to satisfy the current water demand as well as the future demands Response to 2 According to phoenix metro Arizona has had 6.4 million people by 2012 while New Mexico had 2 million people. Conflicts over land in Arizona have been dominated by the Anglo, however, a huge conflicts exist over the US Mexican border. In New Mexico, conflicts with the over the border are not extensive. The population in Arizona was much lower than New Mexico during the Spanish colonization. Politically, Arizona is more conservative than New Mexico. Arizona immigration law passed in Arizona but, it failed in New Mexico. In Arizona, agriculture is on the declining rate while in New Mexico it is on the increasing rate. The Spanish presence in Arizona lower than that in New Mexico due to the fewer number of the natives, implying that only few souls could be converted, thus low amount of money The major difference between Arizona and New Mexico is that majority of the population in New Mexico are the natives while in Arizona has inhabitants from different regions. As such, Arizona has more stringent rules regarding immigration, as opposed to New Mexico Response to 3 The period I between1848-1865 is characterized by the onset of mining. As such, the Yuma and Wickenburg were gold mining towns. Period II between 1866-1878, this period is characterized by the Mormons and the wealth harvesting, Mormon farming towns inc luded, the small Colorado towns of St John’s, snowflake as well as, the Safford, mesa, Tempe and Thatcher. Additionally, crops were cultivated and later on sold to the miners for the Mormon mercantile functions. Notably, phoenix grew as a farming town. Period III between1879-1899 was characterized by transportation and copper, during this period the sante Fe, and the southern pacific railroads were built and linked in the national grid. Towns like Tombstone grew as a silver mining town, and Flagstaff grew as timber town. Period IV between1900-1939 was characterized by the five Cs, copper, cattle, cotton, and climate. Period V also known as the post 1940 was characterized by a shift in the economy where mining and agriculture declined while service and the manufacturing industry increased. Additionally, this was the period for the Urbana Arizona Whose population grew from 500, 000 to about 6.5 million in 2012. This period is also characterized by a massive demographic force wh ere it was viewed as a burial ground for the wealthy and a place for relaxation Response to 4 Essential elements of Navajo culture include, the for sacred mountains which are, the east sierra Blanca depicting faith and thinking, the south Mount Taylor depicts planning, the west Mt Humphrey depicts love and life. Additionally, the ceremonies performed include singing, the blessing away, as well, sand paintings or healing purposes. The Hozho, depicts a

Home Food Deliver Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Home Food Deliver - Essay Example From this essay it is clear that  the main target customers of this business are those who go to work and leave their children who are unable to cook for themselves at home. Such customers will be required to make their orders anywhere they are through phone calls and then provide the address to their homes, and the author will deliver the food to the children. Another group of customers that his business targets are the unmarried or people who are living alone without family and have difficulties in making their meals. These groups of people will be in a position to make their orders, and he will deliver the food to their respective homesteads.  As the paper discusses  the services will also consider people with special eating habits as prescribed by their doctors. For example, the diabetic people will have the freedom to choose the ingredients they require to be used in preparing their food and the ones their food should not contain depending on their doctors advice. There wi ll be free lunch weekends where he will be delivering free food to the loyal and regular customers to enhance customer loyalty and improve customer relation.  The market profile consists of the characteristics of the people the reporter expect would buy his services. These characteristics include age, social group, the location of the business and many other factors that the customers would consider to buy his services

Illusion and Perspective in Renaissance Art Essay

Illusion and Perspective in Renaissance Art - Essay Example Studiolo literally translates into "study" ("Studiolo"), and that is what its owner intended for it to be when he had it installed in the ducal palace in the small town of Gubbio in Italy. Federico de Montefeltro (1422-1482), the Duke of Urbino, commissioned the studiolo in 1476 as an in-house center for intellectual pursuits ("Studiolo"), for the study and perusal of private papers, as well as for keeping precious belongings. It was also an effective conversation-piece for special guests, launching them into conversations they were unlikely to forget for a long time. But walking around the room and marveling at the excellent craftsmanship around me, I couldn't help but feel that it had a much deeper purpose. I imagined that whenever the duke allowed friends and visitors to step into this tiny enclave, it was like he was allowing them a privileged peek through a window, or in this case, many windows into his very soul. Through a very clever style of wood inlaying known as intarsia, de Montefeltro's designer Baccio Pontelli succeeded in showcasing practically every facet of the duke's personality and vast range of interests in a creatively personal manner. The Metropolitan Museum of Art describes the technique as using "thousands of tiny pieces of different kinds of wood to create the illusion of walls lined with cupboards. Their lattice doors are open, revealing a dazzling array of the accoutrements of the duke's life" ("Studiolo"). At the core of this technique is the use of the illusionistic perspective-an interesting contrast or, some say, complement to the humanistic realism that was prevalent in Renaissance art. The art of illusion, or trompe l'oeil (French for "fool the eye"), presents a scene in order to fool the viewer into mistaking it for reality ("The Illusion"). The pictorial images on the wood panels of the studiolo look three-dimensional, obviously designed to make the viewer think that what he is seeing is real. As a patron of the arts, de Montefeltro would have belonged to that class of people in Renaissance Italy who could afford to have special works commissioned by expensive artists. Having the studiolo done by a top-calibre craftman showed his prominent stature in society. The tiny room's contents further exhibited his passion for the liberal arts-literature, music, mathematics, astronomy and the military arts- which, more often than not, were the domain of the learned uppercrust in 15th to 16th century Europe. His love for learning was evident by the 30 or so books showcased in the cabinets. The presence of citterns, lutes, and harps showed that he probably preferred delicate music, such as medieval chansons and types of Baroque music. Hanging from a hook on the top shelf of one of the panels is an armillary sphere, an astronomical instrument used in the fifteenth century for teaching elementary astronomy ("Studiolo"). One of the most interesting items on display was an octagonal bird cage that is seen through a half-open cabinet, and in it is perched a parakeet and its seed box. Since such exotic birds and animals could only be owned by royalty and other wealthy citizens, one can conclude that the duke was truly a person of great importance during his time. The parakeet, it seems, was a status symbol. It would

Product and Pricing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Product and Pricing Strategy - Essay Example te a variety of industrial and office-based computer and laptop solutions, along with state-of-the-art services, software collaborations and innovative accessories. EJ’s Innovations and More has a wide customer base for all of its electronic product offerings. This product will make full use of access to the existing customer base as they are all potential users of computers and laptops. Furthermore, they are already familiar with the brand name of EJ’s and have the trust relationship and faith in the product quality and service assurance of the company. With this product, the company is planning to target all computer and laptop users. The potential customers range from 14 year old girls and boys to aged, retired gentlemen and ladies. However, this plan outlines the target audience, described later, for this particular wave of marketing. The strategy of EJ’s Innovations and More is to offer customers a wide range of personal computers and laptops. These will be available in a variety of designs and colors, suiting the different needs and whims of the customer. They will be available in different varieties, starting with the basic computer or laptop, to the more advanced versions with greater memory capacity, RAM, accessories and additional features. The most important aspect of these computers will be that with registration, they will be ready for immediate use. They will work easily on all software platforms from other companies with minimal installation. To assist the customer, customer support teams will be available 6 days a week and helpline will be open 24/7 to answer any product related questions. The computers and laptops offered by the company will all carry the same brand promise of EJ’s which is one of complete innovation and convenience, designed to make the life of the customer easier and happier. The specific target audience of this plan includes the people aged between 40 to 70 years, especially those with some sort of impairments or

Illusion and Perspective in Renaissance Art Essay

Illusion and Perspective in Renaissance Art - Essay Example Studiolo literally translates into "study" ("Studiolo"), and that is what its owner intended for it to be when he had it installed in the ducal palace in the small town of Gubbio in Italy. Federico de Montefeltro (1422-1482), the Duke of Urbino, commissioned the studiolo in 1476 as an in-house center for intellectual pursuits ("Studiolo"), for the study and perusal of private papers, as well as for keeping precious belongings. It was also an effective conversation-piece for special guests, launching them into conversations they were unlikely to forget for a long time. But walking around the room and marveling at the excellent craftsmanship around me, I couldn't help but feel that it had a much deeper purpose. I imagined that whenever the duke allowed friends and visitors to step into this tiny enclave, it was like he was allowing them a privileged peek through a window, or in this case, many windows into his very soul. Through a very clever style of wood inlaying known as intarsia, de Montefeltro's designer Baccio Pontelli succeeded in showcasing practically every facet of the duke's personality and vast range of interests in a creatively personal manner. The Metropolitan Museum of Art describes the technique as using "thousands of tiny pieces of different kinds of wood to create the illusion of walls lined with cupboards. Their lattice doors are open, revealing a dazzling array of the accoutrements of the duke's life" ("Studiolo"). At the core of this technique is the use of the illusionistic perspective-an interesting contrast or, some say, complement to the humanistic realism that was prevalent in Renaissance art. The art of illusion, or trompe l'oeil (French for "fool the eye"), presents a scene in order to fool the viewer into mistaking it for reality ("The Illusion"). The pictorial images on the wood panels of the studiolo look three-dimensional, obviously designed to make the viewer think that what he is seeing is real. As a patron of the arts, de Montefeltro would have belonged to that class of people in Renaissance Italy who could afford to have special works commissioned by expensive artists. Having the studiolo done by a top-calibre craftman showed his prominent stature in society. The tiny room's contents further exhibited his passion for the liberal arts-literature, music, mathematics, astronomy and the military arts- which, more often than not, were the domain of the learned uppercrust in 15th to 16th century Europe. His love for learning was evident by the 30 or so books showcased in the cabinets. The presence of citterns, lutes, and harps showed that he probably preferred delicate music, such as medieval chansons and types of Baroque music. Hanging from a hook on the top shelf of one of the panels is an armillary sphere, an astronomical instrument used in the fifteenth century for teaching elementary astronomy ("Studiolo"). One of the most interesting items on display was an octagonal bird cage that is seen through a half-open cabinet, and in it is perched a parakeet and its seed box. Since such exotic birds and animals could only be owned by royalty and other wealthy citizens, one can conclude that the duke was truly a person of great importance during his time. The parakeet, it seems, was a status symbol. It would

Archaeology of Nadia Abu E-Haj Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Archaeology of Nadia Abu E-Haj - Essay Example Nadia Abu E-Haj discusses archeology, nationhood, and settlement. According to him, the historical and social scientific scholarship seeks to understand how the production of memory happens. The author clearly carries out an analysis of nationalism and making a memory. Nationalists are said to believe in the continuity of history, social and political aspects. I support with no doubt that, the practice of archeology is not an instance of making or generating a memory. The author has deeply examined how securing archeology is considered as an intellectual pursuit. The practice of nationhood and archeology are entangled. According to the author despite the information that archeology is a national practice, there are nations that are not interested. I agree that there are speakers that carry out the role of society in guiding the national educational project. The Jewish society is not the only society that engages in teaching value antiques to the public (Elhaj 218). Ron Eachus and Gilbert Herbert, on the other hand, discuss a colonial portrait of Jerusalem. The architecture of Palestine is discussed and the landscape deeply discussed. The author discusses the rationale behind the colonial architecture is traced to the colonial power.

Political Power Essay Example for Free

Political Power Essay A gets B to do something that he or she would not otherwise do. Does this sum up the essence of political power? Political analysis can be defined quite simply as the analysis of the nature, exercise and distribution of power.1 This argument is criticised of being too broad, excluding almost nothing, nevertheless it is reasonable to argue that power is the central theme which lies throughout the study of politics. Therefore defining the concept of power is one of the crucial things in the study of politics consequently it is often contested and can never be agreed among the scholars. This essay will focus on so-called the faces of power controversy in the post war period. First of all, the idea which consists of the first and basic part in interpreting power will be introduced. Then what its critiques argue and their flaws will also be discussed to draw the conclusion how far the argument A gets B to do something that he or she would not otherwise do reflects the essence of power. The faces of power debate was raised from different theoretical traditions and approaches to political analysis. Basically the argument is about whether the concept of power is simple and quantifiable or it is rather complicated and intuitive concept which cannot be measured. Lukes2 acknowledges that this concept can never be settled. Alternatively he accepts the broad definition of power as As ability to get B to do what he or she would not otherwise have done but tries to highlight 3 different ways in which A can influence Bs behaviour: decision-making, agenda-setting and thought control. The one face of power power as decision-making was suggested by Dahl in the early post war years. The thesis put forward above was originally proposed by him and this one-dimensional view of power was significant and influential in 1950s. Power is somehow about getting things done, and is therefore most clearly reflected in decision and how they are made.3 For Dahl, in order to find out power relationship, three steps are needed. First, a number of decision areas are selected and then the actors involved in that decision and their interests are figured out. Finally by comparing the decisions made and the actors preferences, the power relationship can be revealed. In this sense power is understood as a concept which can be simplified and quantified. A clear example was shown in?Political Analysis?: Anna buys Bens car for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½500 which is actually worth à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½800 and both of them are aware of the real value. In this case, Annas power has been exercised over Ben in terms of decision-making since this decision would not have been the case if he had an influence in the process. One of the critical assumptions here is that the actors involved are fully aware of the information. Anna could have made this deal without exerting power if Ben did not know the real value. This argument of power as a decision-making does often make sense in tripartite political system where a number of different parties exercise their influence on controversial issues. In this case it is obvious to see the frequency of a particular partys preference coincides with the final decision. Thus, how far they have influence on decision-making can be understood in terms of their political power. However Dahls argument faces critical attack in a sense that it too focuses on its narrow concept of power in decision-making. First of all, since only the key decisions are studied, it raises the problem of how far we are capable of distinguishing key issues and routine issues which are often ignored. Moreover, it does not take the potential power into account. In this manner, the power which is not exerted cannot be regarded as power. For instance, some business groups would not be concerned with the welfare issues until they realise the increased burden for welfare tax. Then it might be possible for them to begin exercising their power which has not been exercised without any explicit need for it. Also as assumed from its name, it only uncovers one face of power ignoring other circumstances in which decisions are prevented from happening, the area of non-decision-making.4 This gave a rise to the second face of power argument by Bachrach and Baratz. According to their view, power should be understood as agenda-setting which is the two dimensional approach. Power might be manifested not only in doing things but also in ensuring that things do not get done.5 What they basically insist is that power is exercised in choosing what should be involved in formal discussion and what should not be. In other words, who holds the power needs to be understood in agenda-setting process before the actual decision-making process. In this way, they have broadened the boundary in the concept of power. This kind of approach is well shown in the liberal democratic system where parties are seen as the medium of representing a particular preference on issues. However they can actually block a certain kind of issue to be discussed by disregarding it or make an agreement not to raise the issue. It is difficult to quantify the concept of power from this approach nonetheless not impossible. Thus they agree with the one-dimensional approach in a sense that there should be observable and demonstrable evidence of power relationship between the one who exercise power and the other who are subject to the power. However the attempt to limit the concept of non-decision-making to observable behaviour is entirely arbitrary6 since it does not take in the case in which the subordinated do not recognise themselves as being subordinated. Consequently this problem gave a rise to the third-dimensional view introduced by Lukes. According to his argument, the basic assumption of the above two views is not quite right. What people believe as their interests does not necessarily mean their real interests. The ability of A to exercise power over B, not by getting B to do what he would not otherwise do, but, by influencing, shaping or determining his very wants'7 What is meant here is that power lies in shaping peoples consciousness rather than their actions. In other words, without forcing them to do something visibly it is possible to make them do regarding that as natural and beneficial for them. This can be true where peoples preferences are often influenced by social experiences such as culture, education and media and these can be manipulated by those who have the power. In this way it naturally leads to the concept of false consciousness which reflects the idea that people are prevented from recognizing the fact of its own exploitation8 However Lukes argument also faces severe criticism. Back in the example of Anna and Ben, the critical point is not in the fact that Anna forced Ben to do something that he would not otherwise do, but in the fact that Ben behaved in a way which is contrary to his genuine interest. This raises a problematic point that who is to know Bens real interests. In effect, It is impossible to argue that peoples perceptions and preferences are a delusion, that their felt needs are no their real need, without a standard of truth against which to judge them.9 In this sense this debate become meaningless since there is no scientific method which to prove and make an absolute judgement over this. Furthermore it is contested that nobody is capable of distinguishing the autonomous decision based on real interests and the one based on felt interests being manipulated from powerful. To conclude, the debate over the concept of power has been developed from the shallow one dimensional understanding to a more intuitive and complex three dimensional one. It cannot be said that the effort of developing it into more sophisticated form has always been successful. However through this process, it is true to say that the concept of power has been understood from various approaches which enabled better understanding. Nevertheless the important point to note is that the latter has never attempted to replace or deny the former approach since no single argument can define the political concept of power by its own. Rather, it has its root in the former argument and tries to make it more convincing. From this point of view, power is definitely something which enables A gets B to do something that he or she would not otherwise do. Therefore on one hand, it is possible to say that the essence of power lies in this argument to a certain extent but there can be plural ways dependi ng on approaches in doing so. (1,419 words) References Clegg, S.R. (1989:11) Frameworks of Power. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Hay, C. (2002:168) Political Analysis: A critical introduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave. Heywood, A. (2004:122, 124, 125, 127 and 128) Political theory: An introduction (3rd edn). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Goverde, H. et al. (eds) (2000:26) Power in Contemporary Politics. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Bibliography Clegg, S.R. (1989) Frameworks of Power. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Goodwin, B. (1997) Using political ideas (4th edn). Chichester: John Wiley Sons Ltd. Goverde, H. et al. (eds) (2000) Power in Contemporary Politics. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Hay, C. (2002) Political Analysis: A critical introduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave. Heywood, A. (2004) Political theory: An introduction (3rd edn). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. McLean, I. McMillan, A. (2003) Oxford concise dictionary of Politics (2nd edn). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1 Hay, C. (2002:168) Political Analysis: A critical introduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave. 2 Heywood, A. (2004:122) Political theory: An introduction (3rd edn). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 3 Heywood, A. (2004:124) Political theory: An introduction (3rd edn). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 4 Heywood, A. (2004:125) Political theory: An introduction (3rd edn). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 5 Clegg, S.R. (1989:11) Frameworks of Power. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. 6 Goverde, H. et al. (eds) (2000:26) Power in Contemporary Politics. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. 7 Heywood, A. (2004:127) Political theory: An introduction (3rd edn). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 8 Heywood, A. (2004:128) Political theory: An introduction (3rd edn). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 9 Heywood, A. (2004:128) Political theory: An introduction (3rd edn)). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.